Avaruus

[StepanRudanskij]

Heart of the Phantom Galaxy M74

Fraktaalirakenne.

 

[tommi]

Käväisin eräreissulla syvissä metsissä, telttamajoituksessa. Yö oli tähtikirkas, ja koska mitään taustavaloja ei ollut häiritsemässä, tähtitaivas näkyi todella kirkkaana. Aamuyöllä kuselle könytessäni huomasin taivaalta putkahtelevan, samasta kohtaa, valopisteitä, mitkä sitten jatkoivat jonossa matkaansa suurin piirtein pohjoiseen omasta asemastani katsottuna. Tuumasin että nyt ne sitten tulevat, ja painuin takaisin goisimaan. Sivistyksen pariin palattuani sain valaistusta asiaan, ne olivat ilmeisesti Elon Muskin satelliitteja, jotka tulivat maapallon varjosta valoon tuossa kohtaa, ja tulevat myöhemmin palamaan poroksi ilmakehään tultuaan?

 

[ctg]

tulevat myöhemmin palamaan poroksi ilmakehään tultuaan?

Ehkä joskus, mutta ei lähivuosisatoina ainakaan. Ne on sen verran korkealla, mutta havaintosi ei ole ainutlaatuinen, koska tähtitieteilijät jo purnasivat asiasta ja sen takia StarLinkin Gen 2 sateliitit on värjätty tummaksi.

 

[Jukkis]

Ehkä joskus, mutta ei lähivuosisatoina ainakaan. Ne on sen verran korkealla, mutta havaintosi ei ole ainutlaatuinen, koska tähtitieteilijät jo purnasivat asiasta ja sen takia StarLinkin Gen 2 sateliitit on värjätty tummaksi.

Noh, starlinkit kiertävät niin matalalla, n.550km, että ilman buustausta ne tulevat alas noin viidessä vuodessa. Yksi Falcon9 nostaa taivaalle useamman kymmenen sellaista ja jonkin aikaa laukaisun jälkeen ne "lentävät" tuolleen jonossa kunnes ovat jakautuneet tasaisesti kiertoradalleen. Mutta jo tuhatta kilometriä lähestyttäessä aletaan puhua tuosta vuosisatojen ajanjaksosta, mikä kuolleelta satelliitilta kestää pudota ilmakehään. Toinen purnauksen aihe olikin tuo aika, ja siksi Starlinkkejä ei ilmeisesti enää aiotakaan sijoittaa korkeammalle 800km kuorelle.

 

[ctg]

Isoin purkaus jonka olemme saaneet tallennettua. Tämä aurinkonpilkku on 4-5 päivän päästä Maata vastaan. Venus ottaa toistamiseen osumaa tästä ja tämä on se isompi.

A NASA model of the CME shows it heading away from Earth and directly toward Venus. This will be the second time in a week that Venus has been hammered by a significant solar storm. An earlier CME struck on Sept. 1st, probably launched by the same farside sunspot.​

"This is no run of the mill event," says George Ho of the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab. "Many science papers will be studying this for years to come."​

Ho is the principal investigator for an energetic particle detector onboard Europe's Solar Orbiter spacecraft--and he is getting a lot of data right now. Solar Orbiter just performed a close flyby of Venus (only 6420 km away) to adjust its orbit around the sun. It is in the perfect position to observe the storm.​

This plot shows a wave of energetic particles washing over the spacecraft:​

"I can safely say the Sept. 5th event is one of the largest (if not THE largest) Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) storms that we have seen so far since Solar Orbiter launched in 2020," says Ho. "It is at least an order of magnitude stronger than the radiation storm from last week's CME."​

"In fact, the >10 MeV and >50 MeV particle intensity has not subsided since the beginning of the storm yesterday," adds Ho. "This is indicative of a very fast and powerful interplanetary shock, and the inner heliosphere may be filled with these high-energy particles for a long time. I think I've only seen couple of these in the last couple solar cycles."​

Earth is not affected by the storm, which is happening on the opposite side of the sun. However, we may not be safe from its source. The underlying explosion almost certainly happened in the magnetic canopy of AR3088, an active sunspot that popped up on the Earthside of the sun in August. It is now transiting the farside, apparently bigger and angrier than before. The sun's rotation will turn AR3088 toward us again in little more than a week, putting Earth back in the line of fire.​

spaceweather.com

 

[ctg]

tämä oli se pienempi edelliseltä päivältä

 

[Vääpeli]

Saa nähdä kuinka kovaa iskee. Pitäs hankkia Farayday pussi yms osalla elektroniikkaa. Ei suinkaan aurinkomyrskyjen takia vaan autovarkaiden.

 

[tulikomento]

Miten Kuuhun meneminen voi olla niin vaikeaa? Nasa siirsi taas raketin laukaisua | Yle Areena – podcastit

Ihminen tavoittelee jälleen kuuta taivaalta. Nasan Artemis-ohjelman ensimmäinen raketinlaukaisu lykkääntyi jälleen teknisen vian vuoksi, mutta pian on tarkoitus yrittää uudelleen. Ihminen kävi edellisen kerran Kuussa 50 vuotta sitten. Miksi sinne ei ole menty sen jälkeen? Uutispodcastin...

areena.yle.fi

 

[ctg]

 

[ctg]

China announced last Friday it discovered a hitherto unknown mineral in samples returned from the Moon.

The mineral, dubbed "Changesite-(Y)", was named after Chang’e – a moon goddess in Chinese mythology and the namesake of the Chang’e-5 mission that retrieved a sample of lunar dust in 2020.

China's sample weighed about 1.73kg (3.8lbs) on Earth. It was collected from both the surface of the Moon and about 6.5 meters beneath the surface in an area thought to have been the site of volcanic activity. The loot was shared among 33 research organizations.

A joint announcement from the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the China Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA) described the samples as "a phosphate mineral in the form of columnar crystals found in lunar basalt particles."

The crystal structure was separated and examined through x-ray diffraction by researchers at the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, a subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). They found a single crystal particle among the 140,000 lunar sample particles with a diameter of about 10 microns.

The metaphorical needle in a haystack was a crystal that, according to state sponsored media, was one-tenth the size of a human hair. If you prefer The Register unit standards, that's one millionth of a linguine.

China discovers new mineral on the moon

Helium-3 also draws excitement as future fusion energy source

www.theregister.com

 

[ctg]

AR3088 on elossa. Tämä on syyllinen isoimpaan purkaukseen ja se on ollut elossa Elokuun puolivälistä saakka.

 

[ctg]

 

[ctg]

Wind drives geology on Mars these days

Pasadena CA (SPX) Sep 15, 2022 - A new paper based on exploration by the NASA's Curiosity Mars rover-and reviewed by an astronaut while she was on the International Space Station (ISS), in what may be a first for peer-reviewed scie

www.marsdaily.com

Tuulimyllyt, ei aurinkopanelit pitäisi olla energialähteenä Marssin reissulla. Sitä on enemmän tarjolla kuin aurinkonvaloa. Insinörttien pitää suunnitella marssikopterin datan perusteella vehkeen joka pystyy tuottamaan energiaa myös hiekkamyrskyssä.

 

[ctg]

On 4 February 2022, 38 Starlink satellites were destroyed by the geomagnetic storm, which brought significant financial, aerospace and public influences. In this letter, we reveal the space weather process during 3–4 February 2022 geomagnetic disturbances, from the Sun all the way to the satellite orbiting atmosphere. Initiated by an M1.0 class flare and the following coronal mass ejection (CME), a moderate geomagnetic storm was stimulated on 3rd February by the CME arrival at Earth. Subsequently, another moderate storm was triggered on 4th February by the passage of another CME. Model simulations driven by solar wind show that the first geomagnetic storm induced around 20% atmospheric density perturbations at 210 km altitude on 3rd February. The unexpected subsequent storm on 4th February led to a density enhancement of around 20%–30% at around 210 km. The resulting atmospheric drag can be even larger, since the regional density enhancement was over 60% and the satellite orbits were continuously decaying. This event brings forth the urgent requirements of better understanding and accurate prediction of the space weather as well as collaborations between industry and space weather community.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022SW003152

Hyvä paperi siitä mitä aurinkon myrskyt ja lisääntynyt aktiivisuus merkitsee LEO kiertoradoilla oleville sateliiteille. Tämän seurauksena Starlink on nostanut korkeutta 320 km radoille. CMEn iskeytyessä Ionospheariin vehkeet kärsii ja niitä tulee ales, kuten Starlink menettäessään 38 sateliittia yhdellä rysäyksellä.

"Although it was only 'minor,' the storm pumped almost 1200 gigawatts of energy into Earth's atmosphere," explains lead author Tong Dang of the University of Science and Technology of China. "This extra energy heated Earth's upper atmosphere and sharply increased aerodynamic drag on the satellites."

As was SpaceX's practice at the time, the satellites were deployed at an altitude of 210 km--their first stop en route to an operational altitude near 600 km. In the satellite business, 210 km is considered to be low, barely above the atmosphere. SpaceX starts there in case any satellite malfunctions after launch. From 210 km, a "bad sat" can be easily de-orbited.

A little too easily, as it turns out.

Starlink dodged the worst spots. "The satellites did not hit any of the 60% regions," says Dang. "But that didn't save them." The weaker 20% enhancements were enough to bring down 38 out of 49 satellites.​

To prevent a repeat, SpaceX has started launching to 320 km instead of 210 km. Earth's atmosphere has to reach that much higher to drag the satellites back during a geomagnetic storm. Since the change, more than 1200 additional Starlink satellites have been launched on 24 rockets without incident.​

There's still danger, though. "Air density at 320 km is an order of magnitude less (compared to 210 km), but it's not completely safe," cautions Dang's co-author Jiuhou Lei, also from the University of Science and Technology of China. "During an extreme geomagnetic storm, density could increase from 200% to 800% even at these higher altitudes."​

Extreme storms may be in the offing. Young Solar Cycle 25 is just getting started. The profusion of minor storms we are observing today will intensify in the years ahead especially as we approach Solar Max around 2025.​

spaceweather.com

 

[tulikomento]

Tuolla kanavalla on kyllä paljon mielenkiintoisia tulevaisuuden visiointeja. Tykkään.

 

[ctg]

In the “old” days, people were used to the idea that radio communication isn’t always perfect. AM radio had cracks and pops and if you had to make a call with a radiophone, you expected it to be unreliable and maybe even impossible at a given time. Modern technology, satellites, and a host of other things have changed and now radio is usually super reliable and high-fidelity. Usually. However, a magnitude 7.9 solar flare this week reminded radio users in Africa and the Middle East that radio isn’t always going to get through. At least for about an hour.

It happened at around 10 AM GMT when that part of the world was facing the sun. Apparently, a coronal mass ejection accompanied the flare, so more electromagnetic disruption may be on its way.

The culprit seems to be an unusually active sunspot which is expected to die down soon. Interestingly, there is also a coronal hole in the sun where the solar wind blows at a higher than usual rate. Want to keep abreast of the solar weather? There’s a website for that.

We’ve pointed out before that we are ill-prepared for technology blackouts due to solar activity, even on the power grid. The last time it happened, we didn’t rely so much on radio.

Solar Flare Quiets A Quarter Of The Globe

In the “old” days, people were used to the idea that radio communication isn’t always perfect. AM radio had cracks and pops and if you had to make a call with a radiophone, you ex…

hackaday.com

 

[ctg]

The Internet Society’s Interplanetary Networking Special Interest Group (IPNSIG) has called for the development of “a common, interoperable, autonomous and scalable routing framework within the Solar System Internet.”

The SIG’s call was revealed in its September newsletter , which detailed a late meeting of the body’s Architecture and Governance Working Group that considered current approaches to routing data traffic in space and sought to produce a recommendation toward realizing a common interplanetary network architecture.

That recommendation has now been issued and outlines four principles the Group believes are necessary for a routing framework that can serve the solar system, namely:

• Autonomy
  • The overall goal is to populate forwarding tables or routing tables (where appropriate) without human intervention and depart from the Earth-centric management scheme
• Commonality
  • To enable Autonomy we need a common and standardized way of the following:
    • The population of a Forwarding and (where routes are computed) Routing Table
    • Function enabling the bundle protocol agent to access a forwarding table API that answers the question: “where should I send this bundle and with what CLA/address?”, similar to ARP lookup Interoperability
    • Define a common to every Node set of functions
• Interoperability
• • Inter-regional routing should be based on a common standard
    • Intra-regional routing could be heterogeneous, adopting methods that suit the needs of a specific environment or a mission
    • Inter- and Intra-region routing should be interoperable
• Scalability
  • Architecture needs to be structured in some way (Hierarchy)
  • Node IDs, Addressing Schemes, and segmenting concepts need to be further explored to accommodate the scale of the SSI

The IPNSIG has already developed a technology called “Delay-Tolerant Networking” (DTN) that addresses the issue of latency. DTN tries to address the fact that in space, long distances or network nodes disappearing behind a planet create latency and other conditions that don’t often trouble terrestrial networks. DTN therefore adds some store-and-forward tech, so that packets aren’t dropped for lack of a node to contact.

The SIG’s meeting considered more internetworking ideas to advance DTN, assessing their ability to prioritise high value data, efficiency, and ability to scale to 100,000 nodes.

Candidates are detailed in this summary report from the August meeting. Among the schemes considered was one called “Spray & Wait” that assumes nodes have no knowledge of the network, but in which nodes figure out the optimal number of copies of data that can be in transit. When traffic reaches a node, it is forwarded, and eventually the network figures out how many copies are bouncing around and stops routing any other than those already en route to the destination node.

Internet Society wants Solar-System-scale routing framework

Needs to be autonomous, interoperable, and capable of scaling to 100,000 nodes

www.theregister.com

 

[ctg]

The International Space Station (ISS) National Laboratory has released a new research announcement soliciting flight concepts for "Technology Advancement and Applied Research Leveraging the ISS National Lab." This solicitation seeks flight projects within the areas of applied research and development, translational medicine, technology readiness level maturation, and technology demonstration.

Space-based technology development and demonstration is a strategic priority for the ISS National Lab, as it provides an opportunity for accelerated technology maturation that may enable advancements that improve life on Earth and build commerce in low Earth orbit.

Through this research announcement, offerors may propose to use the unique ISS environment to develop, test, or mature products and processes that have a demonstrated potential to produce near-term and positive direct or indirect economic impact.

More specifically, emphasis will be placed on proposals for the testing and space-qualification of hardware prototypes and for advancing process improvements, such as (but not limited to):

+ Hardware prototype testing: Innovations addressing hardware product development gaps and emerging technology proliferation in the areas of computing, electronics, nanotechnologies, robotics, sensors, communications, remote sensing, and satellite technology.

+ Process improvements: Use of the ISS as a test bed for advancing development of facilities for high throughput investigations, use of space-based data to facilitate modeling of industrial systems, or demonstration of new methodologies for spaceflight research and development.

+ Advanced materials: Current advanced materials research that addresses the development of next-generation production methods, the testing of novel materials, and the exploitation of materials with unique properties.

+ Translational medicine: Validation of accelerated disease modeling, analyzation of macromolecular structures for drug design, and demonstration of novel drug delivery and diagnostic services.

ISS National Lab Research Announcement Focused on Technology Advancement is Open

Kennedy Space Center FL (SPX) Sep 16, 2022 - The International Space Station (ISS) National Laboratory has released a new research announcement soliciting flight concepts for Technology Advancement and Applied Research Leveraging the ISS Nati

www.spacedaily.com

 

[Jukkis]

Oletan että rakettien laukaisut jatkuisivat normaalisti, siitä lienee tehty pitkä sopimus, tosin en muista yksityiskohtia. Venäjä on yrittänyt siirtää rakettien laukaisuja enemmän omiin kosmodromeihinsa mutta ei ole toistaiseksi tarkoittanut kaikkia. Esim. tämän vuoden osalta Venäjän rakettien laukaisut jakautuvat seuraavasti: Baikonurista laukaista 4 kertaa, Plesetskistä 7 kertaa ja Ranskan Guianasta 1 kerran. Toki loppuvuoden osalta on vielä laukaisuja, joten lopulliset numerot tulevat olemaan hieman erit.

Vostochnyn olisi tarkoitus vähentää riippuvuutta Baikonurista, mutta sen käyttö on ollut toistaiseksi hyvin vähäistä, vain 11 laukaisua vuoden 2016 jälkeen. Wikipediasta löytyy seuraava hahmotelma:

The new cosmodrome will enable Russia to launch most missions from its own land, and reduce the dependency of Russia on the Baikonur Cosmodrome which is leased from the government of Kazakhstan.[35] Currently, Baikonur is the only launch site operated by Russia with the capability to launch crewed missions to ISS or elsewhere. The Russian government pays a yearly rent of $115 million to Kazakhstan for its usage. Satellites bound for geostationary orbit and high inclination orbits can be currently launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. The new site is intended mostly for civilian launches.[39] Roscosmos plans to move 45% of Russia's space launches to Vostochny by 2020, while the share from Baikonour will drop from 65% to 11%, and Plesetsk will account for 44%.[9] In 2012, the share of space launches on Russian soil stood at 25%. By 2030, this figure is projected to increase to 90%

Vaikka tuo toteutuisikin, Baikonurille voisi odottaa jatkuvaa käyttöä muiden toimijoiden osalta. Kaupallisten rakettilaukaisujen määrä on kasvanut tasaisisti ja alalla on hurja määrä uusia toimijoita, pääasiassa Yhdysvalloilla. Käyttämättömillä valmiilla resursseilla on silti tapana löytää asiakkaita / käyttäjiä, joten tuon perusteella voisi olettaa että joku toinen aloittaisi laukaisut Baikonurista vaikka Venäjä siirtyisi omiin kosmodromeihin.

Jo Vostochnyn 51° leveys pudottaa geostationaariselle siirtoradalle saatavaa massaa ikävästi Baikonurin 45° leveyteen verrattuna. Joten ei Plesetskistä 62° ammuta geostationaariselle radalle. Olisiko tuossa toimittaja sekoillut, koska Molniya-tietoliikennesatelliitteja kyllä laukaistiin Plesetskistä, mutta ne eivät menneetkään geostationaariselle toisin kuin n.99% läntisistä kommunikaatiosatelliiteista. (Uusimmat ideat ml. Starlink poislukien.) Se on muutenkin huono kiertorata venäjän pohjoisen sijainnin kannalta, koska satelliitit jäävät melko matalalle ja katvealueita syntyy varsinkin vuoristoisilla seuduilla.

Baikonurille tosiaan löytyy varmasti käyttöä ilman venäjääkin. Ukrainassa valmistettu Zenit (uudella 3. vaiheella) on minusta erittäin hyvä arvaus uudeksi tuolta laukaistavaksi kantoraketiksi. Siinä olisi melkeinpä runollista oikeutta, kun venäjä saa katsella Ukrainalaisten rakettien nousevan entisestä pääavaruuskeskuksestaan...

 

[ctg]

AR3088 on poikinut uusia aurinkonpilkkuja, X-luokan leimahdukset on mahdollisia.