mechanicus
Kenraali
Onko siihen joku tekninen syy, että CTA:n pitää olla lyhyempi kuin hylsyllisen ammuksen? Onhan normaali panssarivaunukanuunan nuoliammus jo itsessään Telescoped Ammunition, koska nuolen perä on ruudin sisällä.
Panssarivaunut
- Viestiketjun aloittaja ctg
- Aloitus PVM
-
- Tagit
- panssarivaunut
Liittynee ei ammukseen/laukaukseen itseensä, vaan kääntyvään panospesään. Putkilinjan suunnassa ladattavaan perinteiseen tykkiin menee periaatteessa vaikka niin pitkä nuoli, että sen kärki pilkistää putken suusta ulos. Riittää että lukon takana on tarpeeksi tilaa laukausyhdistelmän työntämiseen putkeen. Sen sijaan kääntyvän panospesän ulkopuolelle ei voi jäädä milliäkään ammusta, tai panospesä ei mahdu kääntymään paikoilleen.
mechanicus
Kenraali
Jatkokysymys: Onko kääntyvä lukko tarpeen, että CTA:sta saadaan hyötyä? Tai mitä hyötyä niillä yleensä tavoitellaan? G11:n purske on tuttu, mutta onko muuta? Jatkuvaa tulinopeutta rajoittaa joka tapauksessa piippu/putki jo parhailla takaa syöttävillä sarjatuliaseilla.
Menee vahvasti minun tietämysalueeni ulkopuolelle, mutta sellainen kutina pukamissa että kysymys on väärin päin aseteltu. Eli CTA:ta tarvitaan, että kääntyvä lukko voidaan toteuttaa järjellisessä tilavuudessa. Kuten ylempänä huomautit, nykyisetkin takaasyöttävien laukaukset ovat hyvinkin "telescoping" rakenteeltaan ja tulinopeutta rajoittavat muut tekijät kuin laukausyhdistelmän/lukon tyyppi. CTA ei toisi niihin paljon etuja, vähän lyhyempi ja paksumpi laukausyhdistelmä vain.
Kääntyvän lukon hyötyjä olikin sitten jo ylempänä ketjussa. Ainakin ammussyötön riippumattomuus korokulmasta mainittiin, mikä yksinkertaistaa mekanismeja paineenalaisten osien ulkopuolella.
-TripleX-
Respected Leader
Italialta tilaus KF-51 Panthereita (200 kpl), KF-41 Lynxejä (350 kpl) ja Ariete ps-ajoneuvoja (125 kpl).
Tämän mukaan valmistuksesta 60 % Italiassa.
www.leonardo.com
Mahdollisesti 20 miljardin diili on jo tehty mutta ei julkistettu. Kyllä Putin sai Euroopan aseteollisuuden pukattua kunnolla vauhtiin.
Tämän mukaan valmistuksesta 60 % Italiassa.
The partnership between Leonardo and Rheinmetall covered by the international press
To develop a European industrial and technological approach in land defense systems and draw the roadmap of the future Main Ground Combat System. This is the goal of the Memorandum of Understanding signed by Leonardo and Rheinmetall, aimed at the creation of a new 50:50 joint venture. The...
Mahdollisesti 20 miljardin diili on jo tehty mutta ei julkistettu. Kyllä Putin sai Euroopan aseteollisuuden pukattua kunnolla vauhtiin.
Viimeksi muokattu:
otwa
Kersantti
Italialaiset kai totesivat, ettei oman vaunun kehitys ole enää kannattavaa. Ehkäpä Arieten kehityspotentiaali on käytetty loppuun? Ei se kovin kummoinen vaunu tosin ollutkaan - suojauksessa ja luotettavuudessa on puutteita, jotka johtuvat yksinkertaisesti kokemattomuudesta.Italialta tilaus KF-51 Panthereita (200 kpl), KF-41 Lynxejä (350 kpl) ja Ariete ps-ajoneuvoja (125 kpl).
Tämän mukaan valmistuksesta 60 % Italiassa.
The partnership between Leonardo and Rheinmetall covered by the international press
To develop a European industrial and technological approach in land defense systems and draw the roadmap of the future Main Ground Combat System. This is the goal of the Memorandum of Understanding signed by Leonardo and Rheinmetall, aimed at the creation of a new 50:50 joint venture. The...
Mahdollisesti 20 miljardin diili on jo tehty mutta ei julkistettu. Kyllä Putin sai Euroopan aseteollisuuden pukattua kunnolla vauhtiin.
-TripleX-
Respected Leader
Rolls-Roycen uudesta hybridi MTU konseptista pidempi juttu.
10 sylinteriä, 1100 kW ja 1200 kW versiota suunnitellaan.
Jakaa paljon yhteisiä piirteitä 6 ja 8 sylinteristen moottorien kanssa, joka helpottaa mm. varaosien hankintaa.
Oikeastaan kaikki samat syyt mainittu kuin ketjun aiemmissakin hybridivoimalinjoja käsittelevissä viesteissä, hiljainen ajo, kompakti rakenne, nopeampi kiihtyvyys, matalampi polttoaineen kulutus jne.
defence-industry.eu
10 sylinteriä, 1100 kW ja 1200 kW versiota suunnitellaan.
Jakaa paljon yhteisiä piirteitä 6 ja 8 sylinteristen moottorien kanssa, joka helpottaa mm. varaosien hankintaa.
Oikeastaan kaikki samat syyt mainittu kuin ketjun aiemmissakin hybridivoimalinjoja käsittelevissä viesteissä, hiljainen ajo, kompakti rakenne, nopeampi kiihtyvyys, matalampi polttoaineen kulutus jne.
Rolls-Royce presents new mtu propulsion concepts for military vehicles of the future
Rolls-Royce’s new mtu hybrid drive combines the advantages of a high-performance diesel engine with those of a battery-electric drive.
defence-industry.eu
otwa
Kersantti
Käskin AI:n tehdä rynnäkköpanssarivaunun.
Prompti 1: "Infantry fighting vehicle. Sloped front armor. Two tracks. Engine at the front, right side. Driver sits next to the engine. Gunner and commander sit in the hull behind the driver. Remotely controlled turret is in the middle of the vehicle, has 30 mm Bushmaster autocannon as main gun and 7.62mm coaxial machine gun next to main gun. At the rear there is a door for infantry. "
Negaatio: "no multiple turrets, only two barrels, no human"
Prompti 2: "Infantry fighting vehicle. Sloped front armor. Two tracks. Engine at the front, right side. Driver sits next to the engine. Gunner and commander sit in the hull behind the driver. Remotely controlled, narrow turret is in the middle of the vehicle, has 30 mm Bushmaster autocannon as main gun and 7.62mm coaxial machine gun next to main gun. At the rear there is a door for infantry. It can carry 6 infantry soldiers."
Kuten näkyy, negaatio ei ihan saa ihmistä eliminoitua. Tornit ovat hyvin tst-vaunumaisia. Ensimmäiset kaksi ovat mielestäni parhaimmat.
Prompti 1: "Infantry fighting vehicle. Sloped front armor. Two tracks. Engine at the front, right side. Driver sits next to the engine. Gunner and commander sit in the hull behind the driver. Remotely controlled turret is in the middle of the vehicle, has 30 mm Bushmaster autocannon as main gun and 7.62mm coaxial machine gun next to main gun. At the rear there is a door for infantry. "
Negaatio: "no multiple turrets, only two barrels, no human"
Prompti 2: "Infantry fighting vehicle. Sloped front armor. Two tracks. Engine at the front, right side. Driver sits next to the engine. Gunner and commander sit in the hull behind the driver. Remotely controlled, narrow turret is in the middle of the vehicle, has 30 mm Bushmaster autocannon as main gun and 7.62mm coaxial machine gun next to main gun. At the rear there is a door for infantry. It can carry 6 infantry soldiers."
Kuten näkyy, negaatio ei ihan saa ihmistä eliminoitua. Tornit ovat hyvin tst-vaunumaisia. Ensimmäiset kaksi ovat mielestäni parhaimmat.
otwa
Kersantti
Käskin ChatGPT:ä suunnitella vaunun speksit:
Painoarviokin vaikuttaa ihan ok:lta.
Komposiittipanssarin kuvaus on aika järeä:
RHAe-arvio:
UFP/LFP:n kulma:
Kysymykseen, telat vai pyörät:
Suorituskyky:
Miehitetty vs miehittämätön torni:
NERA vs ERA
Designing an Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) with the specified requirements involves balancing firepower, protection, mobility, and capacity. Here's a detailed design proposal:
1.General Specifications
- Type: Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV)
- Crew: 3 (Driver, Gunner, Commander)
- Infantry Capacity: 6 soldiers
- Dimensions:
- Length: ~7.5 meters
- Width: ~3.2 meters
- Height: ~2.8 meters
2. Armament
- Primary Weapon:
- 30mm Autocannon:
- Type: Dual-feed autocannon
- Ammunition Types: Armor-piercing, High-explosive, Airburst
- Rate of Fire: ~200 rounds per minute
- Effective Range: 3,000 meters
- Secondary Weapon:
- 7.62mm Coaxial Machine Gun:
- Rate of Fire: 700-900 rounds per minute
- Effective Range: 800-1,000 meters
- Additional Armament:
- Smoke grenade launchers (8 launchers)
3. Protection
- Front Armor:
- Composite armor with spaced layers and Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) modules to counter RPGs
- Side Armor:
- Modular composite armor providing protection against 14.5mm armor-piercing rounds and shrapnel
- Slat armor or bar armor to offer additional RPG protection
- Roof and Belly:
- Reinforced to withstand artillery shrapnel and small arms fire
4. Mobility
- Engine:
- Turbocharged Diesel Engine
- Power Output: ~700-800 horsepower
- Transmission:
- Automatic with 6 forward and 1 reverse gears
- Suspension:
- Hydropneumatic suspension for improved cross-country mobility
- Max Speed:
- Road: ~70 km/h
- Off-road: ~40 km/h
- Range: ~500 km on-road
5. Crew and Infantry Compartment
- Crew Positions:
- Driver: Located front left, with night vision and thermal imaging systems
- Gunner: Seated in the turret, equipped with a panoramic sight and stabilized gun control
- Commander: Also in the turret, with an independent sight system for target acquisition
- Infantry Compartment:
- Rear entry/exit ramp with hydraulic assistance
- Six seats with shock absorption and blast protection
- Firing ports for small arms
6. Sensors and Electronics
- Fire Control System:
- Advanced digital fire control system with ballistic computer
- Thermal and night vision sights for the gunner and commander
- Navigation:
- GPS and inertial navigation systems
- Communication:
- Integrated battle management system
- Intercom for crew and infantry communication
7. Additional Features
- Self-Defense:
- Smoke grenade launchers for obscuring vehicle
- Laser warning system to detect and counter laser-guided threats
- NBC Protection:
- Overpressure system to protect against nuclear, biological, and chemical threats
Design Concept Visual
1. Exterior:
- Angular, sloped armor for deflection of projectiles
- ERA modules visibly placed on the front and sides
- Slat armor on the sides for RPG protection
- Smoke grenade launchers placed around the turret
2. Interior:
- Crew positions equipped with advanced electronic interfaces
- Rear compartment with foldable seats and firing ports
- Reinforced flooring and side panels for blast protection
Conclusion
This IFV design balances firepower, protection, and mobility while ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the crew and infantry it transports. The combination of a 30mm autocannon and coaxial machine gun provides versatile combat capability, and the advanced armor systems offer substantial protection against common battlefield threats.
1.General Specifications
- Type: Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV)
- Crew: 3 (Driver, Gunner, Commander)
- Infantry Capacity: 6 soldiers
- Dimensions:
- Length: ~7.5 meters
- Width: ~3.2 meters
- Height: ~2.8 meters
2. Armament
- Primary Weapon:
- 30mm Autocannon:
- Type: Dual-feed autocannon
- Ammunition Types: Armor-piercing, High-explosive, Airburst
- Rate of Fire: ~200 rounds per minute
- Effective Range: 3,000 meters
- Secondary Weapon:
- 7.62mm Coaxial Machine Gun:
- Rate of Fire: 700-900 rounds per minute
- Effective Range: 800-1,000 meters
- Additional Armament:
- Smoke grenade launchers (8 launchers)
3. Protection
- Front Armor:
- Composite armor with spaced layers and Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) modules to counter RPGs
- Side Armor:
- Modular composite armor providing protection against 14.5mm armor-piercing rounds and shrapnel
- Slat armor or bar armor to offer additional RPG protection
- Roof and Belly:
- Reinforced to withstand artillery shrapnel and small arms fire
4. Mobility
- Engine:
- Turbocharged Diesel Engine
- Power Output: ~700-800 horsepower
- Transmission:
- Automatic with 6 forward and 1 reverse gears
- Suspension:
- Hydropneumatic suspension for improved cross-country mobility
- Max Speed:
- Road: ~70 km/h
- Off-road: ~40 km/h
- Range: ~500 km on-road
5. Crew and Infantry Compartment
- Crew Positions:
- Driver: Located front left, with night vision and thermal imaging systems
- Gunner: Seated in the turret, equipped with a panoramic sight and stabilized gun control
- Commander: Also in the turret, with an independent sight system for target acquisition
- Infantry Compartment:
- Rear entry/exit ramp with hydraulic assistance
- Six seats with shock absorption and blast protection
- Firing ports for small arms
6. Sensors and Electronics
- Fire Control System:
- Advanced digital fire control system with ballistic computer
- Thermal and night vision sights for the gunner and commander
- Navigation:
- GPS and inertial navigation systems
- Communication:
- Integrated battle management system
- Intercom for crew and infantry communication
7. Additional Features
- Self-Defense:
- Smoke grenade launchers for obscuring vehicle
- Laser warning system to detect and counter laser-guided threats
- NBC Protection:
- Overpressure system to protect against nuclear, biological, and chemical threats
Design Concept Visual
1. Exterior:
- Angular, sloped armor for deflection of projectiles
- ERA modules visibly placed on the front and sides
- Slat armor on the sides for RPG protection
- Smoke grenade launchers placed around the turret
2. Interior:
- Crew positions equipped with advanced electronic interfaces
- Rear compartment with foldable seats and firing ports
- Reinforced flooring and side panels for blast protection
Conclusion
This IFV design balances firepower, protection, and mobility while ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the crew and infantry it transports. The combination of a 30mm autocannon and coaxial machine gun provides versatile combat capability, and the advanced armor systems offer substantial protection against common battlefield threats.
Painoarviokin vaikuttaa ihan ok:lta.
Estimating the weight of the vehicle involves considering the various components and materials used. Here’s a detailed breakdown:
Components and Materials
1. Hull and Armor:
- Composite armor with ERA modules on the front
- Modular composite armor with slat armor on the sides
2. Weapons:
- 30mm autocannon
- 7.62mm coaxial machine gun
- Smoke grenade launchers
3. Engine and Transmission:
- Turbocharged diesel engine (~700-800 horsepower)
- Automatic transmission
4. Suspension:
- Hydropneumatic suspension system
5. Electronics and Other Equipment:
- Fire control system
- Communication systems
- Navigation systems
Estimated Weight Calculation
1. Hull and Armor:
- Weight of composite armor with ERA (front): ~5,000 kg
- Weight of modular composite armor with slat armor (sides): ~4,000 kg
- Basic structure of the hull: ~8,000 kg
2. Weapons:
- 30mm autocannon: ~500 kg
- 7.62mm coaxial machine gun: ~50 kg
- Ammunition storage and feed systems: ~1,000 kg
- Smoke grenade launchers: ~100 kg
3. Engine and Transmission:
- Engine: ~1,500 kg
- Transmission: ~1,000 kg
4. Suspension:
- Hydropneumatic suspension system: ~1,200 kg
5. Electronics and Other Equipment:
- Fire control system: ~500 kg
- Communication and navigation systems: ~500 kg
- Additional equipment (lights, antennas, etc.): ~300 kg
6. Crew and Infantry Compartment:
- Seats and safety equipment: ~500 kg
- Rear ramp and access systems: ~300 kg
Total Estimated Weight
Summing up all the components:
- Hull and Armor: 17,000 kg
- Weapons: 1,650 kg
- Engine and Transmission: 2,500 kg
- Suspension: 1,200 kg
- Electronics and Other Equipment: 1,300 kg
- Crew and Infantry Compartment: 800 kg
Total Estimated Weight: 24,450 kg
Rounding up to account for any additional equipment, structural elements, and potential variations, the estimated weight of the vehicle would be approximately 25,000 kg (25 metric tons).
This weight is in line with modern IFVs, which typically range from 20 to 35 tons depending on their armor and equipment.
Components and Materials
1. Hull and Armor:
- Composite armor with ERA modules on the front
- Modular composite armor with slat armor on the sides
2. Weapons:
- 30mm autocannon
- 7.62mm coaxial machine gun
- Smoke grenade launchers
3. Engine and Transmission:
- Turbocharged diesel engine (~700-800 horsepower)
- Automatic transmission
4. Suspension:
- Hydropneumatic suspension system
5. Electronics and Other Equipment:
- Fire control system
- Communication systems
- Navigation systems
Estimated Weight Calculation
1. Hull and Armor:
- Weight of composite armor with ERA (front): ~5,000 kg
- Weight of modular composite armor with slat armor (sides): ~4,000 kg
- Basic structure of the hull: ~8,000 kg
2. Weapons:
- 30mm autocannon: ~500 kg
- 7.62mm coaxial machine gun: ~50 kg
- Ammunition storage and feed systems: ~1,000 kg
- Smoke grenade launchers: ~100 kg
3. Engine and Transmission:
- Engine: ~1,500 kg
- Transmission: ~1,000 kg
4. Suspension:
- Hydropneumatic suspension system: ~1,200 kg
5. Electronics and Other Equipment:
- Fire control system: ~500 kg
- Communication and navigation systems: ~500 kg
- Additional equipment (lights, antennas, etc.): ~300 kg
6. Crew and Infantry Compartment:
- Seats and safety equipment: ~500 kg
- Rear ramp and access systems: ~300 kg
Total Estimated Weight
Summing up all the components:
- Hull and Armor: 17,000 kg
- Weapons: 1,650 kg
- Engine and Transmission: 2,500 kg
- Suspension: 1,200 kg
- Electronics and Other Equipment: 1,300 kg
- Crew and Infantry Compartment: 800 kg
Total Estimated Weight: 24,450 kg
Rounding up to account for any additional equipment, structural elements, and potential variations, the estimated weight of the vehicle would be approximately 25,000 kg (25 metric tons).
This weight is in line with modern IFVs, which typically range from 20 to 35 tons depending on their armor and equipment.
Komposiittipanssarin kuvaus on aika järeä:
Design of the Composite Armor
Composite armor in modern infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) is designed to maximize protection while minimizing weight. The armor system typically consists of multiple layers of different materials, each serving a specific purpose. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the composite armor design for the IFV:1. Basic Structure
- Outer Layer:
- Material: Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel
- Purpose: Provides initial impact resistance and acts as a tough outer shell to deflect projectiles and absorb kinetic energy.
- Thickness: Approximately 25-30 mm
- Middle Layers:
- Material: Ceramic tiles or plates
- Purpose: Breaks up and erodes the penetrator of armor-piercing projectiles, reducing their effectiveness.
- Thickness: Approximately 10-20 mm
- Backing Layer:
- Material: Composite materials such as Kevlar, Dyneema, or Spectra
- Purpose: Absorbs the residual kinetic energy and prevents spall (fragments created by impact) from injuring the crew.
- Thickness: Approximately 15-20 mm
2. Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) Modules (Front)
- Components:
- Explosive Layer: Thin sheets of explosive material sandwiched between metal plates
- Metal Plates: Typically steel or another hard material
- Function:
- When an incoming projectile, such as an RPG, impacts the ERA module, the explosive layer detonates.
- The explosion pushes the metal plates outward, disrupting the projectile's energy and trajectory, significantly reducing its penetration capability.
- Configuration:
- ERA modules are mounted in a tessellated pattern to cover as much of the front surface as possible while maintaining structural integrity and minimizing weight.
3. Additional Side Protection
- Modular Composite Armor:
- Material: Advanced composites such as aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, or similar high-hardness ceramics, combined with backing layers of Kevlar or other ballistic fibers.
- Purpose: Provides enhanced protection against small arms fire, armor-piercing rounds, and shrapnel.
- Thickness: Approximately 30-40 mm overall
- Slat Armor (Bar Armor):
- Material: Steel bars or other durable metals
- Purpose: Deflects and disrupts the fusing of RPG rounds before they hit the main armor, preventing them from detonating properly.
- Configuration: Spaced 30-50 mm away from the main armor to ensure maximum effectiveness.
4. Roof and Belly Protection
- Roof:
- Material: Similar to side armor but optimized for protection against artillery shrapnel and top-down attacks.
- Thickness: Approximately 15-25 mm
- Belly:
- Material: Reinforced composite materials and V-shaped hull design
- Purpose: Enhances protection against IEDs and landmines by deflecting blast energy away from the vehicle.
- Thickness: Approximately 20-30 mm
Summary
The composite armor system of this IFV is designed to provide comprehensive protection against a wide range of threats while maintaining mobility and operational efficiency. The layered structure ensures that each material contributes to stopping different types of projectiles, maximizing the overall defensive capability of the vehicle.- Front: ERA and composite armor for maximum RPG and AP round protection.
- Sides: Modular composite armor and slat armor for RPG, small arms, and shrapnel protection.
- Roof and Belly: Reinforced composite materials to guard against artillery and explosive threats.
RHAe-arvio:
Estimating the equivalent thickness of Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHAe) that composite armor provides involves considering the effectiveness of each layer against various threats. Here’s an estimation based on typical materials and configurations described:
Front Armor with ERA
1. Outer Layer (RHA Steel):
- Thickness: ~25-30 mm
- RHAe contribution: 25-30 mm
2. Ceramic Tiles:
- Thickness: ~10-20 mm
- RHAe contribution: 50-100 mm (Ceramic tiles are typically 3-5 times more effective than RHA against kinetic energy projectiles)
3. Backing Layer (Kevlar, Dyneema, or Spectra):
- Thickness: ~15-20 mm
- RHAe contribution: 10-15 mm (Backing layers are less effective than ceramics and RHA but still add some protection)
4. ERA Modules:
- RHAe contribution: 200-250 mm (ERA can significantly increase the armor's effectiveness against shaped charges and kinetic projectiles)
Total RHAe for Front Armor:
- Adding the contributions together:
- Outer Layer: 25-30 mm
- Ceramic Tiles: 50-100 mm
- Backing Layer: 10-15 mm
- ERA Modules: 200-250 mm
- Estimated Total RHAe for Front Armor: 285-395 mm
Side Armor with Composite and Slat Armor
1. Outer Layer (RHA Steel):
- Thickness: ~15-20 mm
- RHAe contribution: 15-20 mm
2. Composite Armor (Ceramics + Kevlar/Dyneema):
- Thickness: ~30-40 mm
- RHAe contribution: 80-120 mm (Ceramic effectiveness)
3. Slat Armor:
- RHAe contribution: Variable, but typically around 50-100 mm against RPGs due to its ability to disrupt shaped charge warheads.
Total RHAe for Side Armor:
- Adding the contributions together:
- Outer Layer: 15-20 mm
- Composite Armor: 80-120 mm
- Slat Armor: 50-100 mm
- Estimated Total RHAe for Side Armor: 145-240 mm
Roof and Belly Armor
1. Roof (Composite Layers):
- Thickness: ~15-25 mm
- RHAe contribution: 40-60 mm (roof armor is typically less than side armor but still substantial)
2. Belly (Reinforced Composite + V-shaped Hull):
- Thickness: ~20-30 mm
- RHAe contribution: 60-80 mm (the V-shaped hull design adds extra deflection capabilities)
Total RHAe for Roof and Belly:
- Estimated Total RHAe for Roof Armor: 40-60 mm
- Estimated Total RHAe for Belly Armor: 60-80 mm
Summary of RHAe Estimates
- Front Armor: 285-395 mm RHAe
- Side Armor: 145-240 mm RHAe
- Roof Armor: 40-60 mm RHAe
- Belly Armor: 60-80 mm RHAe
These estimates provide a rough equivalent of how effective the composite armor is compared to traditional RHA. The actual effectiveness can vary based on the specific materials used and the types of threats encountered.
Front Armor with ERA
1. Outer Layer (RHA Steel):
- Thickness: ~25-30 mm
- RHAe contribution: 25-30 mm
2. Ceramic Tiles:
- Thickness: ~10-20 mm
- RHAe contribution: 50-100 mm (Ceramic tiles are typically 3-5 times more effective than RHA against kinetic energy projectiles)
3. Backing Layer (Kevlar, Dyneema, or Spectra):
- Thickness: ~15-20 mm
- RHAe contribution: 10-15 mm (Backing layers are less effective than ceramics and RHA but still add some protection)
4. ERA Modules:
- RHAe contribution: 200-250 mm (ERA can significantly increase the armor's effectiveness against shaped charges and kinetic projectiles)
Total RHAe for Front Armor:
- Adding the contributions together:
- Outer Layer: 25-30 mm
- Ceramic Tiles: 50-100 mm
- Backing Layer: 10-15 mm
- ERA Modules: 200-250 mm
- Estimated Total RHAe for Front Armor: 285-395 mm
Side Armor with Composite and Slat Armor
1. Outer Layer (RHA Steel):
- Thickness: ~15-20 mm
- RHAe contribution: 15-20 mm
2. Composite Armor (Ceramics + Kevlar/Dyneema):
- Thickness: ~30-40 mm
- RHAe contribution: 80-120 mm (Ceramic effectiveness)
3. Slat Armor:
- RHAe contribution: Variable, but typically around 50-100 mm against RPGs due to its ability to disrupt shaped charge warheads.
Total RHAe for Side Armor:
- Adding the contributions together:
- Outer Layer: 15-20 mm
- Composite Armor: 80-120 mm
- Slat Armor: 50-100 mm
- Estimated Total RHAe for Side Armor: 145-240 mm
Roof and Belly Armor
1. Roof (Composite Layers):
- Thickness: ~15-25 mm
- RHAe contribution: 40-60 mm (roof armor is typically less than side armor but still substantial)
2. Belly (Reinforced Composite + V-shaped Hull):
- Thickness: ~20-30 mm
- RHAe contribution: 60-80 mm (the V-shaped hull design adds extra deflection capabilities)
Total RHAe for Roof and Belly:
- Estimated Total RHAe for Roof Armor: 40-60 mm
- Estimated Total RHAe for Belly Armor: 60-80 mm
Summary of RHAe Estimates
- Front Armor: 285-395 mm RHAe
- Side Armor: 145-240 mm RHAe
- Roof Armor: 40-60 mm RHAe
- Belly Armor: 60-80 mm RHAe
These estimates provide a rough equivalent of how effective the composite armor is compared to traditional RHA. The actual effectiveness can vary based on the specific materials used and the types of threats encountered.
UFP/LFP:n kulma:
The angles of the Upper Front Plate (UFP) and Lower Front Plate (LFP) are critical for deflecting incoming projectiles and enhancing the overall protection of the vehicle. For modern infantry fighting vehicles, the design often incorporates sloped armor to maximize the effectiveness of the armor. Here are typical angles for these plates:
Upper Front Plate (UFP)
Angle: Typically between 45° and 60° from the vertical
Purpose: The steep angle increases the effective thickness of the armor and helps deflect kinetic energy projectiles and shaped charges away from the vehicle.
Lower Front Plate (LFP)
Angle: Typically between 30° and 45° from the vertical
Purpose: The lower angle provides additional protection to the lower part of the vehicle, which is more vulnerable to mines and IEDs. It also deflects projectiles upward, potentially reducing their penetration power.
Justification and Example
For this specific IFV design:
Upper Front Plate (UFP)
Angle: ~55° from the vertical
Reason: A steeper angle increases the RHAe (Rolled Homogeneous Armor equivalent) and helps in deflecting direct hits from small arms fire and larger kinetic energy penetrators.
Lower Front Plate (LFP)
Angle: ~35° from the vertical
Reason: Provides effective deflection of ground-based threats like mines and IEDs, and still offers good protection against direct fire.
Summary
UFP Angle: 55° from the vertical
LFP Angle: 35° from the vertical
These angles provide a balance between maximizing deflection and maintaining practical design and manufacturing considerations for the vehicle.
Upper Front Plate (UFP)
Angle: Typically between 45° and 60° from the vertical
Purpose: The steep angle increases the effective thickness of the armor and helps deflect kinetic energy projectiles and shaped charges away from the vehicle.
Lower Front Plate (LFP)
Angle: Typically between 30° and 45° from the vertical
Purpose: The lower angle provides additional protection to the lower part of the vehicle, which is more vulnerable to mines and IEDs. It also deflects projectiles upward, potentially reducing their penetration power.
Justification and Example
For this specific IFV design:
Upper Front Plate (UFP)
Angle: ~55° from the vertical
Reason: A steeper angle increases the RHAe (Rolled Homogeneous Armor equivalent) and helps in deflecting direct hits from small arms fire and larger kinetic energy penetrators.
Lower Front Plate (LFP)
Angle: ~35° from the vertical
Reason: Provides effective deflection of ground-based threats like mines and IEDs, and still offers good protection against direct fire.
Summary
UFP Angle: 55° from the vertical
LFP Angle: 35° from the vertical
These angles provide a balance between maximizing deflection and maintaining practical design and manufacturing considerations for the vehicle.
Kysymykseen, telat vai pyörät:
For the described Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV), being tracked or wheeled depends on the intended operational environment and specific requirements. Both options have their advantages and drawbacks:
Tracked Vehicle
Advantages:
Mobility: Superior off-road capability, able to traverse difficult terrain such as mud, snow, and sand.
Stability: Better stability on uneven ground, which is crucial for firing accuracy while on the move.
Armor: Typically can carry heavier armor, providing better protection.
Disadvantages:
Speed: Generally slower on roads compared to wheeled vehicles.
Maintenance: Higher maintenance requirements and costs due to the complexity of the track system.
Noise: Tracks are noisier, which can be a disadvantage in stealth operations.
Wheeled Vehicle
Advantages:
Speed: Faster on roads and easier to deploy over long distances.
Maintenance: Easier and cheaper to maintain compared to tracked vehicles.
Comfort: Generally offers a smoother ride on roads, which can reduce fatigue for the crew and infantry.
Disadvantages:
Mobility: Limited off-road capability compared to tracked vehicles.
Armor: Typically cannot carry as much armor as tracked vehicles, potentially reducing protection.
Decision for the IFV Design
Given the requirement for carrying a crew of three, six infantrymen, a 30mm autocannon, and significant armor protection (including ERA and composite armor), a tracked vehicle would be more suitable. The tracked configuration provides better support for the weight of the armor and armament while ensuring superior off-road mobility, which is crucial for an IFV operating in diverse combat environments.
Conclusion
The described Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) will be tracked to optimize for off-road capability, stability, and the ability to carry heavier armor.
Tracked Vehicle
Advantages:
Mobility: Superior off-road capability, able to traverse difficult terrain such as mud, snow, and sand.
Stability: Better stability on uneven ground, which is crucial for firing accuracy while on the move.
Armor: Typically can carry heavier armor, providing better protection.
Disadvantages:
Speed: Generally slower on roads compared to wheeled vehicles.
Maintenance: Higher maintenance requirements and costs due to the complexity of the track system.
Noise: Tracks are noisier, which can be a disadvantage in stealth operations.
Wheeled Vehicle
Advantages:
Speed: Faster on roads and easier to deploy over long distances.
Maintenance: Easier and cheaper to maintain compared to tracked vehicles.
Comfort: Generally offers a smoother ride on roads, which can reduce fatigue for the crew and infantry.
Disadvantages:
Mobility: Limited off-road capability compared to tracked vehicles.
Armor: Typically cannot carry as much armor as tracked vehicles, potentially reducing protection.
Decision for the IFV Design
Given the requirement for carrying a crew of three, six infantrymen, a 30mm autocannon, and significant armor protection (including ERA and composite armor), a tracked vehicle would be more suitable. The tracked configuration provides better support for the weight of the armor and armament while ensuring superior off-road mobility, which is crucial for an IFV operating in diverse combat environments.
Conclusion
The described Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) will be tracked to optimize for off-road capability, stability, and the ability to carry heavier armor.
Suorituskyky:
A well-designed tracked Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) is capable of negotiating a variety of obstacles and challenging terrains. Here are the typical specifications for such a vehicle:
Obstacles the Vehicle Can Cross
Vertical Obstacles:
Height: Up to 0.8 meters (approx. 2.6 feet)
Explanation: Tracked vehicles can climb over vertical obstacles like rocks, debris, and low walls due to their tracks' ability to maintain contact and provide traction.
Slopes:
Gradient: Up to 60% (approx. 31 degrees)
Explanation: The powerful engine and traction provided by the tracks allow the vehicle to climb steep slopes. The center of gravity and stability design prevent it from tipping over.
Side Slopes:
Gradient: Up to 30% (approx. 17 degrees)
Explanation: The vehicle can traverse side slopes without tipping over, maintaining stability due to the low center of gravity and wide track base.
Trenches:
Width: Up to 2.5 meters (approx. 8.2 feet)
Explanation: The length and design of the tracks allow the vehicle to cross wide trenches, which are typical anti-tank obstacles in the field.
Fording Depth:
Unprepared: Up to 1.2 meters (approx. 3.9 feet)
Prepared (with a snorkel or deep fording kit): Up to 2 meters (approx. 6.6 feet)
Explanation: The vehicle is capable of crossing rivers and streams without extensive preparation, and with additional equipment, it can handle deeper water obstacles.
Snow and Mud:
Depth: Up to 0.6 meters (approx. 2 feet)
Explanation: Tracks provide better distribution of weight, allowing the vehicle to traverse deep mud and snow without getting bogged down.
Step Obstacles:
Height: Up to 0.5 meters (approx. 1.6 feet)
Explanation: The design of the tracks and suspension system allows the vehicle to climb over steps and similar abrupt height changes.
Performance Summary
Vertical Obstacles: Up to 0.8 meters
Gradients: Up to 60%
Side Slopes: Up to 30%
Trenches: Up to 2.5 meters wide
Fording Depth: Up to 1.2 meters unprepared, 2 meters prepared
Snow and Mud Depth: Up to 0.6 meters
Step Obstacles: Up to 0.5 meters
Conclusion
This tracked Infantry Fighting Vehicle is designed to handle a variety of challenging terrains and obstacles, making it highly versatile and capable in diverse combat environments. The robust design and advanced suspension system ensure it can negotiate steep slopes, cross wide trenches, and handle deep water fording, providing superior mobility and tactical advantage on the battlefield.
Obstacles the Vehicle Can Cross
Vertical Obstacles:
Height: Up to 0.8 meters (approx. 2.6 feet)
Explanation: Tracked vehicles can climb over vertical obstacles like rocks, debris, and low walls due to their tracks' ability to maintain contact and provide traction.
Slopes:
Gradient: Up to 60% (approx. 31 degrees)
Explanation: The powerful engine and traction provided by the tracks allow the vehicle to climb steep slopes. The center of gravity and stability design prevent it from tipping over.
Side Slopes:
Gradient: Up to 30% (approx. 17 degrees)
Explanation: The vehicle can traverse side slopes without tipping over, maintaining stability due to the low center of gravity and wide track base.
Trenches:
Width: Up to 2.5 meters (approx. 8.2 feet)
Explanation: The length and design of the tracks allow the vehicle to cross wide trenches, which are typical anti-tank obstacles in the field.
Fording Depth:
Unprepared: Up to 1.2 meters (approx. 3.9 feet)
Prepared (with a snorkel or deep fording kit): Up to 2 meters (approx. 6.6 feet)
Explanation: The vehicle is capable of crossing rivers and streams without extensive preparation, and with additional equipment, it can handle deeper water obstacles.
Snow and Mud:
Depth: Up to 0.6 meters (approx. 2 feet)
Explanation: Tracks provide better distribution of weight, allowing the vehicle to traverse deep mud and snow without getting bogged down.
Step Obstacles:
Height: Up to 0.5 meters (approx. 1.6 feet)
Explanation: The design of the tracks and suspension system allows the vehicle to climb over steps and similar abrupt height changes.
Performance Summary
Vertical Obstacles: Up to 0.8 meters
Gradients: Up to 60%
Side Slopes: Up to 30%
Trenches: Up to 2.5 meters wide
Fording Depth: Up to 1.2 meters unprepared, 2 meters prepared
Snow and Mud Depth: Up to 0.6 meters
Step Obstacles: Up to 0.5 meters
Conclusion
This tracked Infantry Fighting Vehicle is designed to handle a variety of challenging terrains and obstacles, making it highly versatile and capable in diverse combat environments. The robust design and advanced suspension system ensure it can negotiate steep slopes, cross wide trenches, and handle deep water fording, providing superior mobility and tactical advantage on the battlefield.
Miehitetty vs miehittämätön torni:
Reasons for Crewed Turret vs. Remotely-Controlled Turret
Choosing between a crewed turret and a remotely-controlled turret for an Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) involves considering several operational, technical, and strategic factors. Here’s an analysis of why a crewed turret might be chosen:
1. Situational Awareness
Crewing Advantage:
A crewed turret allows the gunner and commander to have direct, unmediated visual and sensory access to the battlefield. This can enhance situational awareness, especially in complex environments where quick, nuanced decisions are needed.
Direct visual input can be more reliable than relying on cameras and sensors, which might fail or provide less clarity in certain conditions (e.g., adverse weather, smoke).
2. Control and Responsiveness
Crewing Advantage:
Having a crew physically present in the turret can lead to faster reaction times when engaging targets. Human operators can perceive and react to threats in real-time without potential delays associated with data transmission in remotely-controlled systems.
Manual control systems might provide more tactile feedback, allowing for more precise adjustments during combat.
3. Redundancy and Reliability
Crewing Advantage:
A crewed turret adds a layer of redundancy. If automated systems fail, human operators can still manually control the weapons and turret, ensuring continued operation in critical situations.
Mechanical and electronic failures can be immediately addressed by the crew, reducing downtime.
4. Training and Doctrine
Crewing Advantage:
Many military doctrines and training programs are built around the concept of a crewed turret. Transitioning to remote systems might require extensive retraining and adjustment of tactics and procedures.
Crewed turrets are a proven technology with established protocols, which can be advantageous in maintaining operational consistency and reliability.
5. Human Judgment
Crewing Advantage:
Human operators can apply judgment and adapt to complex, dynamic combat situations in ways that current AI and remote systems might not be able to match. This includes making ethical decisions about target engagement and rules of engagement.
6. System Complexity and Maintenance
Crewing Advantage:
Remotely-controlled turrets can be more complex, requiring sophisticated electronics, data links, and sensors, which might increase the overall maintenance burden and potential points of failure.
Crewed turrets, while not simple, have a different set of maintenance requirements that might be more manageable in some contexts.
Conclusion
While remotely-controlled turrets offer significant advantages in terms of reducing crew exposure to direct threats and potentially lowering vehicle profiles, a crewed turret provides:
Enhanced situational awareness
Immediate control and responsiveness
Operational redundancy
Alignment with existing training and doctrine
The application of human judgment in complex scenarios
Potentially simpler maintenance
In the context of the described IFV, these factors might make a crewed turret the preferred choice to ensure robust and reliable performance across diverse combat environments.
Choosing between a crewed turret and a remotely-controlled turret for an Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) involves considering several operational, technical, and strategic factors. Here’s an analysis of why a crewed turret might be chosen:
1. Situational Awareness
Crewing Advantage:
A crewed turret allows the gunner and commander to have direct, unmediated visual and sensory access to the battlefield. This can enhance situational awareness, especially in complex environments where quick, nuanced decisions are needed.
Direct visual input can be more reliable than relying on cameras and sensors, which might fail or provide less clarity in certain conditions (e.g., adverse weather, smoke).
2. Control and Responsiveness
Crewing Advantage:
Having a crew physically present in the turret can lead to faster reaction times when engaging targets. Human operators can perceive and react to threats in real-time without potential delays associated with data transmission in remotely-controlled systems.
Manual control systems might provide more tactile feedback, allowing for more precise adjustments during combat.
3. Redundancy and Reliability
Crewing Advantage:
A crewed turret adds a layer of redundancy. If automated systems fail, human operators can still manually control the weapons and turret, ensuring continued operation in critical situations.
Mechanical and electronic failures can be immediately addressed by the crew, reducing downtime.
4. Training and Doctrine
Crewing Advantage:
Many military doctrines and training programs are built around the concept of a crewed turret. Transitioning to remote systems might require extensive retraining and adjustment of tactics and procedures.
Crewed turrets are a proven technology with established protocols, which can be advantageous in maintaining operational consistency and reliability.
5. Human Judgment
Crewing Advantage:
Human operators can apply judgment and adapt to complex, dynamic combat situations in ways that current AI and remote systems might not be able to match. This includes making ethical decisions about target engagement and rules of engagement.
6. System Complexity and Maintenance
Crewing Advantage:
Remotely-controlled turrets can be more complex, requiring sophisticated electronics, data links, and sensors, which might increase the overall maintenance burden and potential points of failure.
Crewed turrets, while not simple, have a different set of maintenance requirements that might be more manageable in some contexts.
Conclusion
While remotely-controlled turrets offer significant advantages in terms of reducing crew exposure to direct threats and potentially lowering vehicle profiles, a crewed turret provides:
Enhanced situational awareness
Immediate control and responsiveness
Operational redundancy
Alignment with existing training and doctrine
The application of human judgment in complex scenarios
Potentially simpler maintenance
In the context of the described IFV, these factors might make a crewed turret the preferred choice to ensure robust and reliable performance across diverse combat environments.
NERA vs ERA
Non-Explosive Reactive Armor (NERA) is another form of reactive armor that can be integrated into vehicle protection systems. It is designed to disrupt the penetration mechanism of projectiles without using explosives, typically consisting of layers of rubber or other elastomers sandwiched between metal plates. Here's an analysis of why NERA might not be included in the composite armor design of the described Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV):
Considerations Against Including NERA
Weight and Complexity:
NERA systems add additional weight to the vehicle, which might be a concern given the already substantial weight from the ERA, composite armor, and primary armor layers.
The complexity of integrating another layer of armor could complicate the design and maintenance of the vehicle, potentially impacting its overall reliability and ease of repair in the field.
Effectiveness Relative to ERA:
ERA is highly effective against shaped charges and can also provide some protection against kinetic energy projectiles. The explosive nature of ERA means it actively disrupts the penetrator upon impact, offering a high level of protection.
NERA, while effective, may not offer the same level of immediate disruption as ERA. It is generally more effective against certain types of projectiles but may be less versatile overall.
Design Priorities:
The primary design priority for the vehicle might be to maximize protection against the most common and lethal threats, such as RPGs and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), which are effectively countered by ERA.
The vehicle design might prioritize ease of maintenance, cost-effectiveness, and proven solutions. ERA has a well-established track record and logistical support systems already in place.
Redundancy and Overlapping Systems:
Including both ERA and NERA might lead to redundant protection layers, increasing weight without a proportionate increase in protective value. The vehicle might be designed to have a balanced approach where the combination of ERA and composite armor provides sufficient protection without the need for additional NERA layers.
Operational Doctrine and Environment:
The operational doctrine and expected combat environment might influence the armor choice. If the primary threats are RPGs and ATGMs, ERA and composite armor might be deemed sufficient.
The vehicle might be designed for a specific set of operational scenarios where the added benefits of NERA do not justify the additional complexity and weight.
Conclusion
While NERA provides valuable protection, its absence in the described IFV's composite armor design could be due to several factors, including weight considerations, design complexity, redundancy, effectiveness of existing armor systems, and specific operational requirements. The chosen combination of ERA and composite armor likely provides a balanced and effective protection strategy for the vehicle's intended use cases.
Considerations Against Including NERA
Weight and Complexity:
NERA systems add additional weight to the vehicle, which might be a concern given the already substantial weight from the ERA, composite armor, and primary armor layers.
The complexity of integrating another layer of armor could complicate the design and maintenance of the vehicle, potentially impacting its overall reliability and ease of repair in the field.
Effectiveness Relative to ERA:
ERA is highly effective against shaped charges and can also provide some protection against kinetic energy projectiles. The explosive nature of ERA means it actively disrupts the penetrator upon impact, offering a high level of protection.
NERA, while effective, may not offer the same level of immediate disruption as ERA. It is generally more effective against certain types of projectiles but may be less versatile overall.
Design Priorities:
The primary design priority for the vehicle might be to maximize protection against the most common and lethal threats, such as RPGs and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), which are effectively countered by ERA.
The vehicle design might prioritize ease of maintenance, cost-effectiveness, and proven solutions. ERA has a well-established track record and logistical support systems already in place.
Redundancy and Overlapping Systems:
Including both ERA and NERA might lead to redundant protection layers, increasing weight without a proportionate increase in protective value. The vehicle might be designed to have a balanced approach where the combination of ERA and composite armor provides sufficient protection without the need for additional NERA layers.
Operational Doctrine and Environment:
The operational doctrine and expected combat environment might influence the armor choice. If the primary threats are RPGs and ATGMs, ERA and composite armor might be deemed sufficient.
The vehicle might be designed for a specific set of operational scenarios where the added benefits of NERA do not justify the additional complexity and weight.
Conclusion
While NERA provides valuable protection, its absence in the described IFV's composite armor design could be due to several factors, including weight considerations, design complexity, redundancy, effectiveness of existing armor systems, and specific operational requirements. The chosen combination of ERA and composite armor likely provides a balanced and effective protection strategy for the vehicle's intended use cases.
Viimeksi muokattu:
-TripleX-
Respected Leader
AI:n mielestä välillä toimii 6 telapyörää, välillä 7. Ja 30 mm Bushmaster tarvitsee savunpoistimen tai jopa kaksi. Ajaja ei tarvitse luukkua ollenkaan.
Mitähän AI sanoisi täsmällisempiin kysymyksiin kuten minkä kokoisen pääaseen MBT tarvitsee 2030-2040 luvuilla ja esimerkiksi mikä on paras telan kuviointi sekä materiaali eri vaunutyypeissä?
otwa
Kersantti
ChatGPT:n lisäkysymykseen, miksi RHA eikä HHA, antama vastaus:
Kun kysyin, mikä olisi halpa APC Ukrainalle, vastaus oli seuraava:
C-APC:n suojaus:
GPT yritti tarjota ensin pelkästään ulospäin aukeavia kylkikulmaa, mutta kun huomautin sen tekevän ajoneuvosta yläpainoisen, niin korjasi:
Korin kiinnitys runkoon:
Choosing the type of steel for the armor of an Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) involves considering various factors such as protection level, weight, manufacturability, and cost. Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) and High Hardness Armor (HHA) each have their own advantages and limitations. Here's a detailed comparison and rationale for the choice:
Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA)
Advantages:
Uniformity and Predictability:
RHA offers consistent properties throughout the material, providing predictable performance under various conditions.
This uniformity is crucial for ensuring reliable protection and simplifying the design process.
Toughness:
RHA has high toughness, meaning it can absorb significant amounts of energy from impacts without cracking or shattering.
This toughness is particularly beneficial for withstanding multiple hits and high-energy impacts.
Ease of Fabrication:
RHA is relatively easier to machine, weld, and form compared to HHA.
This ease of fabrication can reduce manufacturing costs and improve production efficiency.
Ductility:
RHA maintains a good balance between hardness and ductility, allowing it to deform rather than break under extreme stress.
This property enhances the vehicle's overall survivability by preventing catastrophic armor failure.
Disadvantages:
Weight:
RHA is not the lightest armor material, which can contribute to a heavier overall vehicle weight.
This increased weight can impact mobility and fuel efficiency.
High Hardness Armor (HHA)
Advantages:
Increased Hardness:
HHA has a higher hardness level compared to RHA, providing better protection against certain types of projectiles, particularly kinetic energy penetrators.
This increased hardness can enhance the vehicle's ability to defeat armor-piercing rounds.
Reduced Weight:
Because of its higher hardness, HHA can achieve the same level of protection with thinner plates compared to RHA.
This can potentially reduce the vehicle's overall weight, improving mobility and fuel efficiency.
Disadvantages:
Brittleness:
The higher hardness of HHA comes at the cost of reduced toughness, making it more brittle and susceptible to cracking under high-impact stress.
This brittleness can lead to catastrophic armor failure when subjected to multiple hits or high-energy impacts.
Fabrication Challenges:
HHA is more difficult to machine, weld, and form due to its higher hardness.
These fabrication challenges can increase manufacturing costs and complexity.
Cost:
HHA is generally more expensive than RHA, both in terms of material cost and the additional processing required for fabrication.
Rationale for Choosing RHA
Balanced Protection:
The toughness and ductility of RHA provide a balanced level of protection, capable of withstanding a variety of threats including multiple hits and high-energy impacts.
This balance makes RHA a versatile choice for diverse combat scenarios.
Manufacturing and Maintenance:
RHA's ease of fabrication simplifies the manufacturing process, reducing production time and cost.
The ease of repair and maintenance in the field is also a critical consideration, ensuring that the vehicle can be quickly restored to operational status if damaged.
Cost-Effectiveness:
The cost advantages of RHA make it a practical choice for mass production, ensuring that more vehicles can be equipped with adequate protection within budget constraints.
Weight Considerations:
While HHA could potentially reduce weight, the brittleness and higher cost do not justify its use given the overall design goals and operational requirements.
Conclusion
RHA is chosen for the vehicle's armor due to its balanced properties, including toughness, ductility, ease of fabrication, and cost-effectiveness. These factors collectively ensure reliable protection, manufacturability, and maintainability, making RHA a suitable choice for an Infantry Fighting Vehicle designed for diverse and challenging combat environments.
Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA)
Advantages:
Uniformity and Predictability:
RHA offers consistent properties throughout the material, providing predictable performance under various conditions.
This uniformity is crucial for ensuring reliable protection and simplifying the design process.
Toughness:
RHA has high toughness, meaning it can absorb significant amounts of energy from impacts without cracking or shattering.
This toughness is particularly beneficial for withstanding multiple hits and high-energy impacts.
Ease of Fabrication:
RHA is relatively easier to machine, weld, and form compared to HHA.
This ease of fabrication can reduce manufacturing costs and improve production efficiency.
Ductility:
RHA maintains a good balance between hardness and ductility, allowing it to deform rather than break under extreme stress.
This property enhances the vehicle's overall survivability by preventing catastrophic armor failure.
Disadvantages:
Weight:
RHA is not the lightest armor material, which can contribute to a heavier overall vehicle weight.
This increased weight can impact mobility and fuel efficiency.
High Hardness Armor (HHA)
Advantages:
Increased Hardness:
HHA has a higher hardness level compared to RHA, providing better protection against certain types of projectiles, particularly kinetic energy penetrators.
This increased hardness can enhance the vehicle's ability to defeat armor-piercing rounds.
Reduced Weight:
Because of its higher hardness, HHA can achieve the same level of protection with thinner plates compared to RHA.
This can potentially reduce the vehicle's overall weight, improving mobility and fuel efficiency.
Disadvantages:
Brittleness:
The higher hardness of HHA comes at the cost of reduced toughness, making it more brittle and susceptible to cracking under high-impact stress.
This brittleness can lead to catastrophic armor failure when subjected to multiple hits or high-energy impacts.
Fabrication Challenges:
HHA is more difficult to machine, weld, and form due to its higher hardness.
These fabrication challenges can increase manufacturing costs and complexity.
Cost:
HHA is generally more expensive than RHA, both in terms of material cost and the additional processing required for fabrication.
Rationale for Choosing RHA
Balanced Protection:
The toughness and ductility of RHA provide a balanced level of protection, capable of withstanding a variety of threats including multiple hits and high-energy impacts.
This balance makes RHA a versatile choice for diverse combat scenarios.
Manufacturing and Maintenance:
RHA's ease of fabrication simplifies the manufacturing process, reducing production time and cost.
The ease of repair and maintenance in the field is also a critical consideration, ensuring that the vehicle can be quickly restored to operational status if damaged.
Cost-Effectiveness:
The cost advantages of RHA make it a practical choice for mass production, ensuring that more vehicles can be equipped with adequate protection within budget constraints.
Weight Considerations:
While HHA could potentially reduce weight, the brittleness and higher cost do not justify its use given the overall design goals and operational requirements.
Conclusion
RHA is chosen for the vehicle's armor due to its balanced properties, including toughness, ductility, ease of fabrication, and cost-effectiveness. These factors collectively ensure reliable protection, manufacturability, and maintainability, making RHA a suitable choice for an Infantry Fighting Vehicle designed for diverse and challenging combat environments.
Kun kysyin, mikä olisi halpa APC Ukrainalle, vastaus oli seuraava:
Designing a cost-effective armored personnel carrier (APC) for Ukraine involves leveraging commercial off-the-shelf (OTS) components to ensure affordability, availability, and ease of maintenance. Below is a conceptual design outline for such an APC:
1. Chassis and Drivetrain
- Base Vehicle: Utilize a commercial heavy-duty truck chassis, such as the Mercedes-Benz Unimog or the Ford F-550 Super Duty. These vehicles are known for their robustness and off-road capabilities.
- Engine: Diesel engine from the base vehicle for efficiency and ease of refueling in the field. For instance, a 4.5L V6 Power Stroke Diesel engine from Ford.
- Transmission: Automatic transmission system with 4x4 capabilities to ensure maneuverability across various terrains.
2. Armor and Protection
- Material: Welded steel plates for basic ballistic protection (Level III protection as per NIJ standards). Use of composite materials (e.g., Dyneema) to reduce weight while maintaining protection.
- Structure: Modular armor system allowing for easy upgrades and repairs.
- Windows: Ballistic glass with gunports to provide visibility and the ability to return fire.
3. Interior and Seating
- Seating: Capacity to carry a squad of 10 soldiers (including driver and commander). Commercially available military-grade seating systems with harnesses.
- Interior Layout: Bench seating along the sides with quick-release mechanisms for fast egress.
4. Mobility Enhancements
- Suspension: Heavy-duty suspension system from the base vehicle, possibly enhanced with additional shock absorbers and springs to handle the added weight of the armor.
- Tires: Run-flat tires to ensure mobility even if tires are damaged.
5. Additional Features
- Communication: Commercially available encrypted communication systems for coordination with other units.
- Fire Suppression: Automatic fire suppression system within the engine compartment and crew cabin.
- Climate Control: Basic heating and cooling systems to ensure operational capability in various climates.
6. Armaments and Defense Systems
- Primary Armament: Remote weapon station (RWS) with a 7.62mm or 12.7mm machine gun. These can be sourced from existing stockpiles or purchased from suppliers like FN Herstal or Rheinmetall.
- Secondary Armament: Option to mount additional small arms or grenade launchers.
- Smoke Dischargers: Commercial smoke grenade launchers for obscuring the vehicle during retreats or ambushes.
7. Production and Maintenance
- Mass Production: Utilize existing automotive factories with minimal modifications. Assembly lines can be set up quickly by training workers on the new assembly processes.
- Maintenance: Design the vehicle with modular components for easy replacement and repair. Use widely available parts to simplify logistics.
Conceptual Design Summary
Vehicle Name: C-APC (Commercial-APC)
Estimated Cost per Unit: $150,000 - $250,000
Weight: Approximately 8-10 tons
Dimensions: Length ~6.5m, Width ~2.5m, Height ~2.5m
Additional Considerations
1. Testing: Rigorous testing in various conditions (urban, rural, and off-road) to ensure reliability.
2. Feedback Loop: Continuous feedback from field units to improve the design iteratively.
3. Partnerships: Collaborate with local and international suppliers for components and materials.
This design ensures that the APC is affordable, effective, and suitable for the diverse terrain and operational requirements in Ukraine. It leverages commercial components to keep costs down and ensure that the vehicles can be produced and maintained efficiently.
1. Chassis and Drivetrain
- Base Vehicle: Utilize a commercial heavy-duty truck chassis, such as the Mercedes-Benz Unimog or the Ford F-550 Super Duty. These vehicles are known for their robustness and off-road capabilities.
- Engine: Diesel engine from the base vehicle for efficiency and ease of refueling in the field. For instance, a 4.5L V6 Power Stroke Diesel engine from Ford.
- Transmission: Automatic transmission system with 4x4 capabilities to ensure maneuverability across various terrains.
2. Armor and Protection
- Material: Welded steel plates for basic ballistic protection (Level III protection as per NIJ standards). Use of composite materials (e.g., Dyneema) to reduce weight while maintaining protection.
- Structure: Modular armor system allowing for easy upgrades and repairs.
- Windows: Ballistic glass with gunports to provide visibility and the ability to return fire.
3. Interior and Seating
- Seating: Capacity to carry a squad of 10 soldiers (including driver and commander). Commercially available military-grade seating systems with harnesses.
- Interior Layout: Bench seating along the sides with quick-release mechanisms for fast egress.
4. Mobility Enhancements
- Suspension: Heavy-duty suspension system from the base vehicle, possibly enhanced with additional shock absorbers and springs to handle the added weight of the armor.
- Tires: Run-flat tires to ensure mobility even if tires are damaged.
5. Additional Features
- Communication: Commercially available encrypted communication systems for coordination with other units.
- Fire Suppression: Automatic fire suppression system within the engine compartment and crew cabin.
- Climate Control: Basic heating and cooling systems to ensure operational capability in various climates.
6. Armaments and Defense Systems
- Primary Armament: Remote weapon station (RWS) with a 7.62mm or 12.7mm machine gun. These can be sourced from existing stockpiles or purchased from suppliers like FN Herstal or Rheinmetall.
- Secondary Armament: Option to mount additional small arms or grenade launchers.
- Smoke Dischargers: Commercial smoke grenade launchers for obscuring the vehicle during retreats or ambushes.
7. Production and Maintenance
- Mass Production: Utilize existing automotive factories with minimal modifications. Assembly lines can be set up quickly by training workers on the new assembly processes.
- Maintenance: Design the vehicle with modular components for easy replacement and repair. Use widely available parts to simplify logistics.
Conceptual Design Summary
Vehicle Name: C-APC (Commercial-APC)
Estimated Cost per Unit: $150,000 - $250,000
Weight: Approximately 8-10 tons
Dimensions: Length ~6.5m, Width ~2.5m, Height ~2.5m
Additional Considerations
1. Testing: Rigorous testing in various conditions (urban, rural, and off-road) to ensure reliability.
2. Feedback Loop: Continuous feedback from field units to improve the design iteratively.
3. Partnerships: Collaborate with local and international suppliers for components and materials.
This design ensures that the APC is affordable, effective, and suitable for the diverse terrain and operational requirements in Ukraine. It leverages commercial components to keep costs down and ensure that the vehicles can be produced and maintained efficiently.
C-APC:n suojaus:
Certainly. Here are the armor specifications for the C-APC (Commercial-APC):
Armor Specifications
1. Material and Composition
- Primary Material: High-hardness steel (AR500 or equivalent)
- Supplementary Material: Composite armor (e.g., Dyneema or Kevlar) for additional protection with reduced weight.
2. Armor Thickness and Placement
- Hull and Side Armor:
- Material: AR500 steel
- Thickness: 8-10 mm
- Protection Level: Capable of withstanding 7.62mm armor-piercing rounds (NIJ Level III+)
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 78-98 kg/m²
- Front Armor (Cab Area):
-Material: AR500 steel
- Thickness: 12-15 mm
- Protection Level: Capable of withstanding 12.7mm armor-piercing rounds (NIJ Level IV)
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 118-147 kg/m²
- Roof and Floor Armor:
- Material: AR500 steel (floor) and composite materials (roof)
- Thickness: 6-8 mm (roof), 10-12 mm (floor)
- Protection Level:
- Roof: Resistant to fragmentation and indirect fire
- Floor: Mine protection against anti-personnel mines and small IEDs
- Weight per square meter:
- Roof: Approximately 58-78 kg/m²
- Floor: Approximately 98-118 kg/m²
3. Ballistic Glass
- Material: Multi-layered ballistic glass with polycarbonate backing
- Thickness: 40-60 mm
- Protection Level: NIJ Level III, capable of stopping 7.62mm armor-piercing rounds
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 80-100 kg/m²
4. Additional Armor
- Composite Spall Liners:
- Material: Dyneema or Kevlar
- Thickness: 5-10 mm
- Protection Level: Reduces spall and fragmentation inside the vehicle
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 10-15 kg/m²
Total Weight Considerations
- Total Armor Weight:
- Sides and Hull: ~ 800-1000 kg
- Front: ~ 300-400 kg
- Roof and Floor: ~ 500-600 kg
- Windows: ~ 200-250 kg
- Additional Armor: ~ 100-150 kg
- Total Estimated Armor Weight: ~ 1900-2400 kg (1.9-2.4 tons)
Summary of Armor Protection
- Sides and Hull: 7.62mm armor-piercing resistance (Level III+)
- Front: 12.7mm armor-piercing resistance (Level IV)
- Roof: Fragmentation resistance
- Floor: Anti-personnel mine and small IED protection
- Windows: 7.62mm armor-piercing resistance (Level III)
These specifications ensure that the C-APC provides robust protection against small arms fire, fragmentation, and certain mine threats while maintaining a balance between protection and weight. The use of commercially available high-hardness steel and composite materials helps in keeping the costs manageable and ensures that the vehicle can be mass-produced using existing manufacturing capabilities.
Armor Specifications
1. Material and Composition
- Primary Material: High-hardness steel (AR500 or equivalent)
- Supplementary Material: Composite armor (e.g., Dyneema or Kevlar) for additional protection with reduced weight.
2. Armor Thickness and Placement
- Hull and Side Armor:
- Material: AR500 steel
- Thickness: 8-10 mm
- Protection Level: Capable of withstanding 7.62mm armor-piercing rounds (NIJ Level III+)
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 78-98 kg/m²
- Front Armor (Cab Area):
-Material: AR500 steel
- Thickness: 12-15 mm
- Protection Level: Capable of withstanding 12.7mm armor-piercing rounds (NIJ Level IV)
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 118-147 kg/m²
- Roof and Floor Armor:
- Material: AR500 steel (floor) and composite materials (roof)
- Thickness: 6-8 mm (roof), 10-12 mm (floor)
- Protection Level:
- Roof: Resistant to fragmentation and indirect fire
- Floor: Mine protection against anti-personnel mines and small IEDs
- Weight per square meter:
- Roof: Approximately 58-78 kg/m²
- Floor: Approximately 98-118 kg/m²
3. Ballistic Glass
- Material: Multi-layered ballistic glass with polycarbonate backing
- Thickness: 40-60 mm
- Protection Level: NIJ Level III, capable of stopping 7.62mm armor-piercing rounds
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 80-100 kg/m²
4. Additional Armor
- Composite Spall Liners:
- Material: Dyneema or Kevlar
- Thickness: 5-10 mm
- Protection Level: Reduces spall and fragmentation inside the vehicle
- Weight per square meter: Approximately 10-15 kg/m²
Total Weight Considerations
- Total Armor Weight:
- Sides and Hull: ~ 800-1000 kg
- Front: ~ 300-400 kg
- Roof and Floor: ~ 500-600 kg
- Windows: ~ 200-250 kg
- Additional Armor: ~ 100-150 kg
- Total Estimated Armor Weight: ~ 1900-2400 kg (1.9-2.4 tons)
Summary of Armor Protection
- Sides and Hull: 7.62mm armor-piercing resistance (Level III+)
- Front: 12.7mm armor-piercing resistance (Level IV)
- Roof: Fragmentation resistance
- Floor: Anti-personnel mine and small IED protection
- Windows: 7.62mm armor-piercing resistance (Level III)
These specifications ensure that the C-APC provides robust protection against small arms fire, fragmentation, and certain mine threats while maintaining a balance between protection and weight. The use of commercially available high-hardness steel and composite materials helps in keeping the costs manageable and ensures that the vehicle can be mass-produced using existing manufacturing capabilities.
GPT yritti tarjota ensin pelkästään ulospäin aukeavia kylkikulmaa, mutta kun huomautin sen tekevän ajoneuvosta yläpainoisen, niin korjasi:
You are correct. Angling the upper portion of the sides inward, instead of outward, can indeed help to reduce the top-heavy nature of the vehicle and improve stability. Here’s a revised armor angling strategy for the C-APC:
Revised Angled Armor Design
1. Hull and Side Armor
- Lower Sides: Angled outward at approximately 30 degrees to deflect incoming rounds.
- Upper Sides: Angled inward at approximately 15-20 degrees to maintain stability and reduce the vehicle's top-heavy nature.
- Purpose: This combination ensures deflection of rounds while also lowering the vehicle’s center of gravity for better stability.
2. Front Armor (Cab Area)
- Angling: The front armor remains angled backward at around 45 degrees.
- Purpose: Maximizes frontal protection by increasing the likelihood of deflecting rounds and enhancing effective armor thickness.
3. Roof Armor
- Angling: The roof will have a slight slope, approximately 10-15 degrees.
- Purpose: Helps to deflect shrapnel and indirect fire from above.
4. Floor Armor
- Angling: The floor armor will include a V-shaped design.
- Purpose: Deflects the blast from mines and IEDs, reducing the force transferred to the occupants.
Benefits of the Revised Design
- Lower Center of Gravity: Angling the upper sides inward reduces the top-heavy nature of the vehicle, enhancing stability.
- Effective Deflection: Angling armor increases the effective thickness and deflection capability without significantly increasing weight.
- Enhanced Protection: This design offers a balanced approach to protection and stability.
Example of Effective Thickness Increase with Revised Angles
Lower Hull and Side Armor (30-degree outward angle):
- Effective Thickness Calculation: If the actual thickness is 8 mm, the effective thickness at a 30-degree angle:
T = 8 mm / cos(30) = 9.24 mm
Upper Hull and Side Armor (20-degree inward angle):
- Effective Thickness Calculation: If the actual thickness is 8 mm, the effective thickness at a 20-degree angle:
T = 8 mm / cos(20) = 8.52 mm
Front Armor (45-degree angle):
- Effective Thickness Calculation: If the actual thickness is 12 mm, the effective thickness at a 45-degree angle:
T = 12 mm / cos(45) = 17 mm
By angling the upper sides inward, the C-APC will have improved stability while still providing robust protection through effective deflection of incoming rounds. This design balances the need for armor protection with the practical considerations of vehicle stability and handling.
Revised Angled Armor Design
1. Hull and Side Armor
- Lower Sides: Angled outward at approximately 30 degrees to deflect incoming rounds.
- Upper Sides: Angled inward at approximately 15-20 degrees to maintain stability and reduce the vehicle's top-heavy nature.
- Purpose: This combination ensures deflection of rounds while also lowering the vehicle’s center of gravity for better stability.
2. Front Armor (Cab Area)
- Angling: The front armor remains angled backward at around 45 degrees.
- Purpose: Maximizes frontal protection by increasing the likelihood of deflecting rounds and enhancing effective armor thickness.
3. Roof Armor
- Angling: The roof will have a slight slope, approximately 10-15 degrees.
- Purpose: Helps to deflect shrapnel and indirect fire from above.
4. Floor Armor
- Angling: The floor armor will include a V-shaped design.
- Purpose: Deflects the blast from mines and IEDs, reducing the force transferred to the occupants.
Benefits of the Revised Design
- Lower Center of Gravity: Angling the upper sides inward reduces the top-heavy nature of the vehicle, enhancing stability.
- Effective Deflection: Angling armor increases the effective thickness and deflection capability without significantly increasing weight.
- Enhanced Protection: This design offers a balanced approach to protection and stability.
Example of Effective Thickness Increase with Revised Angles
Lower Hull and Side Armor (30-degree outward angle):
- Effective Thickness Calculation: If the actual thickness is 8 mm, the effective thickness at a 30-degree angle:
T = 8 mm / cos(30) = 9.24 mm
Upper Hull and Side Armor (20-degree inward angle):
- Effective Thickness Calculation: If the actual thickness is 8 mm, the effective thickness at a 20-degree angle:
T = 8 mm / cos(20) = 8.52 mm
Front Armor (45-degree angle):
- Effective Thickness Calculation: If the actual thickness is 12 mm, the effective thickness at a 45-degree angle:
T = 12 mm / cos(45) = 17 mm
By angling the upper sides inward, the C-APC will have improved stability while still providing robust protection through effective deflection of incoming rounds. This design balances the need for armor protection with the practical considerations of vehicle stability and handling.
Korin kiinnitys runkoon:
Attaching the armored hull to the chassis requires a robust and secure method to ensure structural integrity and the ability to withstand impacts and rough terrain. Here is a detailed approach for securely attaching the armored hull to the chassis:
Structural Design and Integration
1. Chassis Selection and Preparation
- Chassis Type: Choose a heavy-duty commercial truck chassis, such as the Mercedes-Benz Unimog or Ford F-550 Super Duty, known for their strength and durability.
- Reinforcement: Reinforce the chassis frame as needed to handle the additional weight and stresses of the armored hull. This may include adding cross members and strengthening existing beams.
2. Mounting Points
- Mounting Brackets: Use high-strength steel mounting brackets attached to the chassis frame at multiple points. These brackets will serve as the interface between the chassis and the armored hull.
- Isolation Mounts: Incorporate vibration-damping mounts (e.g., rubber bushings or composite isolators) between the mounting brackets and the hull to reduce shock and vibration transfer to the crew compartment.
3. Hull Construction and Attachment
- Hull Design: Design the armored hull with integrated mounting points that align with the chassis brackets. These should be reinforced areas to distribute the load evenly.
- Bolting and Welding: Secure the hull to the chassis using a combination of high-tensile bolts and welding:
- Bolting: Use grade 8 bolts or equivalent for high-strength fastening. Ensure bolts are torqued to the manufacturer’s specifications to prevent loosening.
- Welding: Perform structural welding at critical points to ensure a secure attachment. Use certified welders and inspect welds for quality and integrity.
4. Stress Distribution and Flexibility
- Flex Joints: Incorporate flex joints or expansion joints where the hull meets the chassis to allow for some movement and flexing. This is important to prevent stress fractures due to the vehicle's motion and impacts.
- Load Distribution: Design the hull to distribute weight evenly across the chassis. This includes positioning heavy components (engine, fuel tanks, ammunition storage) to maintain balance and stability.
5. Maintenance and Access
- Removable Panels: Design the hull with removable panels at key locations (e.g., engine compartment, transmission access) to facilitate maintenance without requiring major disassembly.
- Access Hatches: Include access hatches for regular maintenance tasks, such as checking fluid levels, inspecting suspension components, and servicing the drivetrain.
Summary of Attachment Method
1. Reinforced Chassis: Strengthen the commercial truck chassis to handle the armored hull’s weight and stresses.
2. Mounting Brackets and Isolation Mounts: Use high-strength steel brackets with vibration-damping mounts to secure the hull to the chassis.
3. Bolting and Welding: Combine bolting and welding for a secure and durable attachment.
4. Stress Distribution and Flexibility: Incorporate flex joints and ensure even load distribution to prevent stress fractures and maintain vehicle balance.
5. Maintenance Accessibility: Design the hull with removable panels and access hatches for ease of maintenance.
By following this approach, the armored hull will be securely attached to the chassis, ensuring structural integrity and durability while maintaining the vehicle’s functionality and ease of maintenance.
The number of mounting points required to securely attach the armored hull to the chassis depends on several factors, including the size and weight of the hull, the design of the chassis, and the distribution of load. However, a general guideline for a vehicle of this type would be as follows:
Determining the Number of Mounting Points
Key Considerations:
1. Load Distribution: Ensure even distribution of the hull's weight across the chassis to prevent localized stress points.
2. Structural Integrity: Maintain structural integrity by placing mounting points at locations where the chassis can support the load without deforming.
3. Vibration and Shock Absorption: Incorporate isolation mounts to reduce the transfer of vibration and shock.
Typical Mounting Point Layout
For a heavy-duty commercial truck chassis converted into an APC, the following layout is suggested:
1. Front Section
- Mounting Points: 2-4 points
- Location: Near the front of the chassis, around the engine bay area, ensuring connection to the strongest parts of the chassis frame.
2. Mid Section
- Mounting Points: 4-6 points
- Location: Distributed along the midsection of the chassis where the main cabin and troop compartment are located. These should be placed at regular intervals to distribute the load evenly.
3. Rear Section
- Mounting Points: 2-4 points
- Location: Near the rear of the chassis, supporting the back end of the hull. Placement should account for the weight of any rear-mounted equipment or storage.
4. Total Mounting Points
- Estimated Total: 8-14 points
### Example Configuration
1. Front Section:
- 2 points: Located on the front cross member.
- 2 points: Located on either side of the engine bay.
2. Mid Section:
- 2 points: Positioned just behind the front axle.
- 2 points: Center of the vehicle, aligned with the main cabin.
- 2 points: Just ahead of the rear axle.
3. Rear Section:
- 2 points: Positioned near the rear cross member.
- 2 points: Located at the far end of the chassis, supporting the tail end of the hull.
Mounting Point Specifications
1. Mounting Brackets: High-strength steel brackets welded or bolted to the chassis.
2. Isolation Mounts: Rubber or composite isolators to reduce vibration and shock.
3. Fasteners: High-tensile bolts (Grade 8 or equivalent), torqued to specifications.
Installation Process
1. Chassis Preparation: Reinforce the chassis at intended mounting points.
2. Bracket Installation: Attach mounting brackets to the chassis using welding or bolting.
3. Hull Positioning: Place the hull on the chassis and align mounting points.
4. Bolt and Isolate: Use isolation mounts and high-tensile bolts to secure the hull to the brackets.
5. Weld Reinforcement: Perform welding at critical points for added strength, ensuring welds are inspected for quality.
Maintenance and Inspection
- Regularly inspect mounting points for signs of wear, fatigue, or damage.
- Ensure bolts remain torqued to specifications and isolation mounts are intact.
This configuration balances the need for secure attachment, load distribution, and the ability to absorb shocks and vibrations, providing a durable and reliable connection between the armored hull and the chassis.
Structural Design and Integration
1. Chassis Selection and Preparation
- Chassis Type: Choose a heavy-duty commercial truck chassis, such as the Mercedes-Benz Unimog or Ford F-550 Super Duty, known for their strength and durability.
- Reinforcement: Reinforce the chassis frame as needed to handle the additional weight and stresses of the armored hull. This may include adding cross members and strengthening existing beams.
2. Mounting Points
- Mounting Brackets: Use high-strength steel mounting brackets attached to the chassis frame at multiple points. These brackets will serve as the interface between the chassis and the armored hull.
- Isolation Mounts: Incorporate vibration-damping mounts (e.g., rubber bushings or composite isolators) between the mounting brackets and the hull to reduce shock and vibration transfer to the crew compartment.
3. Hull Construction and Attachment
- Hull Design: Design the armored hull with integrated mounting points that align with the chassis brackets. These should be reinforced areas to distribute the load evenly.
- Bolting and Welding: Secure the hull to the chassis using a combination of high-tensile bolts and welding:
- Bolting: Use grade 8 bolts or equivalent for high-strength fastening. Ensure bolts are torqued to the manufacturer’s specifications to prevent loosening.
- Welding: Perform structural welding at critical points to ensure a secure attachment. Use certified welders and inspect welds for quality and integrity.
4. Stress Distribution and Flexibility
- Flex Joints: Incorporate flex joints or expansion joints where the hull meets the chassis to allow for some movement and flexing. This is important to prevent stress fractures due to the vehicle's motion and impacts.
- Load Distribution: Design the hull to distribute weight evenly across the chassis. This includes positioning heavy components (engine, fuel tanks, ammunition storage) to maintain balance and stability.
5. Maintenance and Access
- Removable Panels: Design the hull with removable panels at key locations (e.g., engine compartment, transmission access) to facilitate maintenance without requiring major disassembly.
- Access Hatches: Include access hatches for regular maintenance tasks, such as checking fluid levels, inspecting suspension components, and servicing the drivetrain.
Summary of Attachment Method
1. Reinforced Chassis: Strengthen the commercial truck chassis to handle the armored hull’s weight and stresses.
2. Mounting Brackets and Isolation Mounts: Use high-strength steel brackets with vibration-damping mounts to secure the hull to the chassis.
3. Bolting and Welding: Combine bolting and welding for a secure and durable attachment.
4. Stress Distribution and Flexibility: Incorporate flex joints and ensure even load distribution to prevent stress fractures and maintain vehicle balance.
5. Maintenance Accessibility: Design the hull with removable panels and access hatches for ease of maintenance.
By following this approach, the armored hull will be securely attached to the chassis, ensuring structural integrity and durability while maintaining the vehicle’s functionality and ease of maintenance.
The number of mounting points required to securely attach the armored hull to the chassis depends on several factors, including the size and weight of the hull, the design of the chassis, and the distribution of load. However, a general guideline for a vehicle of this type would be as follows:
Determining the Number of Mounting Points
Key Considerations:
1. Load Distribution: Ensure even distribution of the hull's weight across the chassis to prevent localized stress points.
2. Structural Integrity: Maintain structural integrity by placing mounting points at locations where the chassis can support the load without deforming.
3. Vibration and Shock Absorption: Incorporate isolation mounts to reduce the transfer of vibration and shock.
Typical Mounting Point Layout
For a heavy-duty commercial truck chassis converted into an APC, the following layout is suggested:
1. Front Section
- Mounting Points: 2-4 points
- Location: Near the front of the chassis, around the engine bay area, ensuring connection to the strongest parts of the chassis frame.
2. Mid Section
- Mounting Points: 4-6 points
- Location: Distributed along the midsection of the chassis where the main cabin and troop compartment are located. These should be placed at regular intervals to distribute the load evenly.
3. Rear Section
- Mounting Points: 2-4 points
- Location: Near the rear of the chassis, supporting the back end of the hull. Placement should account for the weight of any rear-mounted equipment or storage.
4. Total Mounting Points
- Estimated Total: 8-14 points
### Example Configuration
1. Front Section:
- 2 points: Located on the front cross member.
- 2 points: Located on either side of the engine bay.
2. Mid Section:
- 2 points: Positioned just behind the front axle.
- 2 points: Center of the vehicle, aligned with the main cabin.
- 2 points: Just ahead of the rear axle.
3. Rear Section:
- 2 points: Positioned near the rear cross member.
- 2 points: Located at the far end of the chassis, supporting the tail end of the hull.
Mounting Point Specifications
1. Mounting Brackets: High-strength steel brackets welded or bolted to the chassis.
2. Isolation Mounts: Rubber or composite isolators to reduce vibration and shock.
3. Fasteners: High-tensile bolts (Grade 8 or equivalent), torqued to specifications.
Installation Process
1. Chassis Preparation: Reinforce the chassis at intended mounting points.
2. Bracket Installation: Attach mounting brackets to the chassis using welding or bolting.
3. Hull Positioning: Place the hull on the chassis and align mounting points.
4. Bolt and Isolate: Use isolation mounts and high-tensile bolts to secure the hull to the brackets.
5. Weld Reinforcement: Perform welding at critical points for added strength, ensuring welds are inspected for quality.
Maintenance and Inspection
- Regularly inspect mounting points for signs of wear, fatigue, or damage.
- Ensure bolts remain torqued to specifications and isolation mounts are intact.
This configuration balances the need for secure attachment, load distribution, and the ability to absorb shocks and vibrations, providing a durable and reliable connection between the armored hull and the chassis.
Viimeksi muokattu:
otwa
Kersantti
C-APC:n maastoliikkuvuudeksi antoi seuraavan:
The off-road performance of the C-APC will depend significantly on its design features and components. While it aims to be cost-effective by using commercial off-the-shelf (OTS) components, several factors can be optimized to ensure competitive off-road capabilities compared to other APCs. Here's an analysis of the C-APC's off-road handling characteristics:
Key Factors Influencing Off-Road Performance
1. Chassis and Suspension
- Base Chassis: Using a heavy-duty commercial truck chassis like the Mercedes-Benz Unimog or Ford F-550 provides a solid foundation known for good off-road capabilities.
- Suspension System: Upgrading the suspension with heavy-duty shock absorbers, reinforced springs, and perhaps even adjustable air suspension can improve off-road handling by absorbing impacts and maintaining stability over rough terrain.
2. Drivetrain
- 4x4 Drivetrain: Ensuring the vehicle has a robust 4x4 system with low-range gearing for enhanced traction and power distribution.
- Differential Locks: Incorporating locking differentials (front and rear) can significantly improve the vehicle's ability to handle uneven and slippery surfaces by ensuring power is delivered to the wheels with the most traction.
3. Tires
- Off-Road Tires: Equipping the C-APC with run-flat, off-road tires specifically designed for rugged terrain can enhance traction and durability.
- Tire Pressure Management: Installing a central tire inflation system (CTIS) allows the driver to adjust tire pressure on the go, optimizing performance for different terrains.
4. Weight Distribution and Center of Gravity
- Balanced Load: Careful placement of heavy components (e.g., engine, fuel tanks, armaments) to maintain a low and balanced center of gravity, enhancing stability on uneven terrain.
- Inward Angling of Upper Hull: As previously mentioned, angling the upper portions of the hull inward helps to lower the center of gravity and improve stability.
5. Armor Design
- Angled Armor: While primarily for ballistic protection, the angled armor also helps deflect impacts from obstacles, aiding in smoother off-road traversal.
- Weight Considerations: Keeping the armor weight optimized to avoid excessive strain on the chassis and suspension.
6. Engine Performance
- Torque and Power: A high-torque diesel engine is ideal for off-road performance, providing the necessary power to navigate steep inclines and tough terrain.
- Cooling System: An upgraded cooling system ensures the engine remains operational under high-stress off-road conditions.
Comparative Analysis
Against Modern Military APCs (e.g., M113, BTR-80, Stryker)
- Advantages:
- Cost-Effectiveness: The use of commercial OTS components makes the C-APC cheaper to produce and maintain.
- Adaptability: Easily upgradable with commercial parts.
- Maintenance: Simpler and potentially more widespread availability of parts.
- Potential Disadvantages:
- Protection Level: Depending on the exact materials used, it might have slightly lower ballistic and mine protection compared to dedicated military APCs.
- Specialized Features: May lack some specialized off-road features found in high-end military APCs like advanced suspension systems or integrated amphibious capabilities.
Against Civilian Off-Road Vehicles (e.g., Armored SUVs)
- Advantages:
- Protection: Superior ballistic and mine protection compared to civilian armored vehicles.
- Capacity: Designed to carry a full squad with equipment, which most civilian vehicles cannot accommodate.
- Potential Disadvantages:
- Comfort and Ride Quality: Military design prioritizes durability and protection over comfort, unlike civilian vehicles which might offer a smoother ride.
Conclusion
The C-APC, with its use of robust commercial chassis and off-road enhancements, is expected to handle off-road conditions well. While it may not match the highest-end military APCs in terms of specialized off-road capabilities, it should provide a reliable, cost-effective, and adaptable solution for Ukraine's needs, balancing protection, mobility, and maintenance simplicity.
Key Factors Influencing Off-Road Performance
1. Chassis and Suspension
- Base Chassis: Using a heavy-duty commercial truck chassis like the Mercedes-Benz Unimog or Ford F-550 provides a solid foundation known for good off-road capabilities.
- Suspension System: Upgrading the suspension with heavy-duty shock absorbers, reinforced springs, and perhaps even adjustable air suspension can improve off-road handling by absorbing impacts and maintaining stability over rough terrain.
2. Drivetrain
- 4x4 Drivetrain: Ensuring the vehicle has a robust 4x4 system with low-range gearing for enhanced traction and power distribution.
- Differential Locks: Incorporating locking differentials (front and rear) can significantly improve the vehicle's ability to handle uneven and slippery surfaces by ensuring power is delivered to the wheels with the most traction.
3. Tires
- Off-Road Tires: Equipping the C-APC with run-flat, off-road tires specifically designed for rugged terrain can enhance traction and durability.
- Tire Pressure Management: Installing a central tire inflation system (CTIS) allows the driver to adjust tire pressure on the go, optimizing performance for different terrains.
4. Weight Distribution and Center of Gravity
- Balanced Load: Careful placement of heavy components (e.g., engine, fuel tanks, armaments) to maintain a low and balanced center of gravity, enhancing stability on uneven terrain.
- Inward Angling of Upper Hull: As previously mentioned, angling the upper portions of the hull inward helps to lower the center of gravity and improve stability.
5. Armor Design
- Angled Armor: While primarily for ballistic protection, the angled armor also helps deflect impacts from obstacles, aiding in smoother off-road traversal.
- Weight Considerations: Keeping the armor weight optimized to avoid excessive strain on the chassis and suspension.
6. Engine Performance
- Torque and Power: A high-torque diesel engine is ideal for off-road performance, providing the necessary power to navigate steep inclines and tough terrain.
- Cooling System: An upgraded cooling system ensures the engine remains operational under high-stress off-road conditions.
Comparative Analysis
Against Modern Military APCs (e.g., M113, BTR-80, Stryker)
- Advantages:
- Cost-Effectiveness: The use of commercial OTS components makes the C-APC cheaper to produce and maintain.
- Adaptability: Easily upgradable with commercial parts.
- Maintenance: Simpler and potentially more widespread availability of parts.
- Potential Disadvantages:
- Protection Level: Depending on the exact materials used, it might have slightly lower ballistic and mine protection compared to dedicated military APCs.
- Specialized Features: May lack some specialized off-road features found in high-end military APCs like advanced suspension systems or integrated amphibious capabilities.
Against Civilian Off-Road Vehicles (e.g., Armored SUVs)
- Advantages:
- Protection: Superior ballistic and mine protection compared to civilian armored vehicles.
- Capacity: Designed to carry a full squad with equipment, which most civilian vehicles cannot accommodate.
- Potential Disadvantages:
- Comfort and Ride Quality: Military design prioritizes durability and protection over comfort, unlike civilian vehicles which might offer a smoother ride.
Conclusion
The C-APC, with its use of robust commercial chassis and off-road enhancements, is expected to handle off-road conditions well. While it may not match the highest-end military APCs in terms of specialized off-road capabilities, it should provide a reliable, cost-effective, and adaptable solution for Ukraine's needs, balancing protection, mobility, and maintenance simplicity.
otwa
Kersantti
Kysyin, minkälainen halpa IFV sopisi Ukrainalle.
Alkuspeksit:
Kun huomautin, että keraamipanssari on kallis, se teki siitä 50 mm paksun RHA:n. Kun ehdoti, että eikö esim 8 mm base layer ja NERA olisi hyvä, niin teki seuraavan:
NERA:n rakenne:
Lopullinen konfiguraatio:
Alkuspeksit:
Designing an affordable Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) for Ukraine that can carry an 8-man squad and is mass-producible involves considering several key factors: protection, firepower, mobility, and cost-efficiency. Here's a proposed design:
1. Chassis and Engine
- Chassis: Based on a modular, tracked platform for versatility and robustness.
- Engine: Diesel engine for fuel efficiency and ease of maintenance. A 600-700 hp engine should provide adequate power.
2. Armor and Protection
- Base Armor: Composite armor providing protection against 14.5mm AP rounds and artillery shell splinters.
- Reactive Armor: Optional explosive reactive armor (ERA) kits for enhanced protection against RPGs and ATGMs.
- Active Protection System (APS): An affordable, domestically-produced APS to intercept incoming threats.
- NBC Protection: Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection systems for crew safety in contaminated environments.
3. Armament
- Primary Weapon: 30mm autocannon with a dual-feed system for versatility in engaging both armored and soft targets.
- Coaxial Machine Gun: 7.62mm machine gun for anti-infantry purposes.
- Missile Launcher: ATGM launcher for anti-tank capabilities. Consider integration of locally-produced ATGMs like the RK-3 "Corsar".
- Secondary Armament: Smoke grenade launchers for obscuring movements and countering laser-guided threats.
4. Mobility
- Suspension: Torsion bar suspension for durability and ease of repair.
- Transmission: Automatic transmission for easier handling and reduced crew fatigue.
- Tracks: Rubber-bushed tracks for reduced maintenance and noise.
5. Crew and Troop Capacity
- Crew: 3 (driver, gunner, commander)
- Troops: 8 fully equipped soldiers
- Interior Layout: Rear compartment with quick egress options, including a rear ramp and side doors.
6. Electronics and Communication
- Fire Control System (FCS): Digital FCS with a laser rangefinder and thermal imaging for day/night operations.
- Communication: Modern, secure communication systems with GPS integration.
- Battle Management System (BMS): Integrated BMS for real-time coordination and situational awareness.
7. Production and Cost-Efficiency
- Modular Design: To simplify production, repairs, and upgrades.
- Local Manufacturing: Utilize Ukrainian defense industry capabilities to reduce costs and improve logistics.
- Standardization: Use commercially available components and existing technology to lower production costs and ensure ease of maintenance.
Example Design Concept: "Berkut-22"
- Dimensions: Length: 7.0m, Width: 3.0m, Height: 2.5m
- Weight: 25-30 tons
- Speed: 70 km/h (road), 40 km/h (off-road)
- Range: 500 km on-road
Estimated Cost
- Unit Cost: $1.5 - $2 million per vehicle, depending on the level of protection and electronics installed.
Summary
The "Berkut-22" IFV is designed to balance cost and performance, ensuring it can be produced in significant numbers to meet Ukraine's defense needs. It offers adequate protection, firepower, and mobility to support infantry in various combat scenarios while being cost-effective and easier to maintain.
1. Chassis and Engine
- Chassis: Based on a modular, tracked platform for versatility and robustness.
- Engine: Diesel engine for fuel efficiency and ease of maintenance. A 600-700 hp engine should provide adequate power.
2. Armor and Protection
- Base Armor: Composite armor providing protection against 14.5mm AP rounds and artillery shell splinters.
- Reactive Armor: Optional explosive reactive armor (ERA) kits for enhanced protection against RPGs and ATGMs.
- Active Protection System (APS): An affordable, domestically-produced APS to intercept incoming threats.
- NBC Protection: Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection systems for crew safety in contaminated environments.
3. Armament
- Primary Weapon: 30mm autocannon with a dual-feed system for versatility in engaging both armored and soft targets.
- Coaxial Machine Gun: 7.62mm machine gun for anti-infantry purposes.
- Missile Launcher: ATGM launcher for anti-tank capabilities. Consider integration of locally-produced ATGMs like the RK-3 "Corsar".
- Secondary Armament: Smoke grenade launchers for obscuring movements and countering laser-guided threats.
4. Mobility
- Suspension: Torsion bar suspension for durability and ease of repair.
- Transmission: Automatic transmission for easier handling and reduced crew fatigue.
- Tracks: Rubber-bushed tracks for reduced maintenance and noise.
5. Crew and Troop Capacity
- Crew: 3 (driver, gunner, commander)
- Troops: 8 fully equipped soldiers
- Interior Layout: Rear compartment with quick egress options, including a rear ramp and side doors.
6. Electronics and Communication
- Fire Control System (FCS): Digital FCS with a laser rangefinder and thermal imaging for day/night operations.
- Communication: Modern, secure communication systems with GPS integration.
- Battle Management System (BMS): Integrated BMS for real-time coordination and situational awareness.
7. Production and Cost-Efficiency
- Modular Design: To simplify production, repairs, and upgrades.
- Local Manufacturing: Utilize Ukrainian defense industry capabilities to reduce costs and improve logistics.
- Standardization: Use commercially available components and existing technology to lower production costs and ensure ease of maintenance.
Example Design Concept: "Berkut-22"
- Dimensions: Length: 7.0m, Width: 3.0m, Height: 2.5m
- Weight: 25-30 tons
- Speed: 70 km/h (road), 40 km/h (off-road)
- Range: 500 km on-road
Estimated Cost
- Unit Cost: $1.5 - $2 million per vehicle, depending on the level of protection and electronics installed.
Summary
The "Berkut-22" IFV is designed to balance cost and performance, ensuring it can be produced in significant numbers to meet Ukraine's defense needs. It offers adequate protection, firepower, and mobility to support infantry in various combat scenarios while being cost-effective and easier to maintain.
Kun huomautin, että keraamipanssari on kallis, se teki siitä 50 mm paksun RHA:n. Kun ehdoti, että eikö esim 8 mm base layer ja NERA olisi hyvä, niin teki seuraavan:
Yes, using lighter base armor combined with Non-Explosive Reactive Armor (NERA) can achieve effective protection while reducing weight. NERA works by using layers of materials that deform and absorb energy when hit, thus providing additional protection. This approach can provide a good balance between protection, weight, and cost.
Revised Armor Specifications with NERA
Base Armor
- Material: Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel
- Thickness:
- Front: 8mm
- Sides: 8mm
- Rear: 8mm
- Roof: 8mm
- Floor: 15mm (with additional anti-mine protection)
Additional Protection
- NERA (Non-Explosive Reactive Armor): Installed on top of the base armor
Angling Details
- Frontal Armor: Angled at 60 degrees from vertical
- Side Armor: Angled at 30 degrees from vertical
- Rear Armor: Angled at 30 degrees from vertical
- Roof and Floor: Generally horizontal, minimal angling
Detailed Specifications:
1. Frontal Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel base + NERA
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: 60 degrees
- Effective Thickness (base): 8/cos(60)= 16 mm
- NERA Contribution: Equivalent to ~100mm RHA
- Total Equivalent Protection: ~200mm RHA
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
2. Side Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel base + NERA
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: 30 degrees
- Effective Thickness (base): 8 mm / cos(30) = 9.2 mm
- NERA Contribution: Equivalent to ~80mm RHA
- Total Equivalent Protection: ~90mm RHA
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
3. Rear Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel base + NERA
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: 30 degrees
- Effective Thickness (base): 8 mm / cos(30) = 9.2 mm
- NERA Contribution: Equivalent to ~60mm RHA
- Total Equivalent Protection: ~70mm RHA
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
4. Roof Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: Horizontal, minimal effective increase
- Effective Thickness: ~8mm
- Equivalent Protection: ~30mm RHA against artillery shell splinters and small arms fire
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
5. Floor Armor:
- Material: Reinforced RHA Steel
- Base Thickness: 15mm with additional anti-mine layers
- Angle: Horizontal, minimal effective increase
- Effective Thickness: ~15mm
- Equivalent Protection: ~50mm RHA against mines and IEDs
- Square Weight (base): ~117 kg/m²
6. NERA Modules:
- Material: Non-explosive reactive armor layers
- Thickness: ~50mm
- Equivalent Protection: ~100mm RHA against shaped charges and kinetic energy projectiles
- Square Weight: ~60 kg/m²
7. APS System:
- Material: Lightweight composite casings
- Weight: ~300 kg for the entire system
Summary of Revised Armor Protection Levels:
- Frontal:~200mm RHA equivalent (8mm base + NERA + angling)
- Sides: ~90mm RHA equivalent (8mm base + NERA + angling)
- Rear: ~70mm RHA equivalent (8mm base + NERA + angling)
- Roof: ~30mm RHA equivalent (8mm base)
- Floor: ~50mm RHA equivalent (15mm base)
Cost and Weight Considerations
- RHA Steel Base: Significantly reduced thickness for lower weight and cost.
- NERA: Provides substantial additional protection without the high cost of steel-ceramic composites.
- Total Weight Reduction: The vehicle's weight is significantly reduced, enhancing mobility and reducing operational costs.
By utilizing lighter base armor with NERA, the "Berkut-22" IFV can achieve effective protection levels while maintaining a lower weight and cost. This approach ensures that the vehicle remains affordable, mass-producible, and capable of providing the necessary protection for its occupants.
Revised Armor Specifications with NERA
Base Armor
- Material: Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel
- Thickness:
- Front: 8mm
- Sides: 8mm
- Rear: 8mm
- Roof: 8mm
- Floor: 15mm (with additional anti-mine protection)
Additional Protection
- NERA (Non-Explosive Reactive Armor): Installed on top of the base armor
Angling Details
- Frontal Armor: Angled at 60 degrees from vertical
- Side Armor: Angled at 30 degrees from vertical
- Rear Armor: Angled at 30 degrees from vertical
- Roof and Floor: Generally horizontal, minimal angling
Detailed Specifications:
1. Frontal Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel base + NERA
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: 60 degrees
- Effective Thickness (base): 8/cos(60)= 16 mm
- NERA Contribution: Equivalent to ~100mm RHA
- Total Equivalent Protection: ~200mm RHA
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
2. Side Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel base + NERA
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: 30 degrees
- Effective Thickness (base): 8 mm / cos(30) = 9.2 mm
- NERA Contribution: Equivalent to ~80mm RHA
- Total Equivalent Protection: ~90mm RHA
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
3. Rear Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel base + NERA
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: 30 degrees
- Effective Thickness (base): 8 mm / cos(30) = 9.2 mm
- NERA Contribution: Equivalent to ~60mm RHA
- Total Equivalent Protection: ~70mm RHA
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
4. Roof Armor:
- Material: 8mm RHA Steel
- Base Thickness: 8mm
- Angle: Horizontal, minimal effective increase
- Effective Thickness: ~8mm
- Equivalent Protection: ~30mm RHA against artillery shell splinters and small arms fire
- Square Weight (base): ~62 kg/m²
5. Floor Armor:
- Material: Reinforced RHA Steel
- Base Thickness: 15mm with additional anti-mine layers
- Angle: Horizontal, minimal effective increase
- Effective Thickness: ~15mm
- Equivalent Protection: ~50mm RHA against mines and IEDs
- Square Weight (base): ~117 kg/m²
6. NERA Modules:
- Material: Non-explosive reactive armor layers
- Thickness: ~50mm
- Equivalent Protection: ~100mm RHA against shaped charges and kinetic energy projectiles
- Square Weight: ~60 kg/m²
7. APS System:
- Material: Lightweight composite casings
- Weight: ~300 kg for the entire system
Summary of Revised Armor Protection Levels:
- Frontal:~200mm RHA equivalent (8mm base + NERA + angling)
- Sides: ~90mm RHA equivalent (8mm base + NERA + angling)
- Rear: ~70mm RHA equivalent (8mm base + NERA + angling)
- Roof: ~30mm RHA equivalent (8mm base)
- Floor: ~50mm RHA equivalent (15mm base)
Cost and Weight Considerations
- RHA Steel Base: Significantly reduced thickness for lower weight and cost.
- NERA: Provides substantial additional protection without the high cost of steel-ceramic composites.
- Total Weight Reduction: The vehicle's weight is significantly reduced, enhancing mobility and reducing operational costs.
By utilizing lighter base armor with NERA, the "Berkut-22" IFV can achieve effective protection levels while maintaining a lower weight and cost. This approach ensures that the vehicle remains affordable, mass-producible, and capable of providing the necessary protection for its occupants.
NERA:n rakenne:
The composition and structure of Non-Explosive Reactive Armor (NERA) are designed to provide enhanced protection through the use of layered materials that deform and absorb energy upon impact. NERA typically consists of several layers of different materials, often including elastomeric (rubber-like) materials sandwiched between metal plates. This combination provides effective resistance to both kinetic energy projectiles and shaped charges.
Composition of NERA for "Berkut-22" IFV
Structure:
1. Outer Steel Plate
- Material: High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Initial impact surface, triggers deformation and energy absorption.
2. Elastomer Layer
- Material: High-strength rubber or polymer
- Thickness: 10mm
- Function: Absorbs and dissipates kinetic energy, helps to deflect and spread the impact force.
3. Inner Steel Plate
- Material: RHA or High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Provides additional resistance to penetration after the elastomer layer has absorbed initial energy.
4. Multiple Layers: These three layers can be repeated to achieve the desired level of protection.
- Configuration: Several sets of the above three layers stacked together, depending on required protection levels.
- Total Thickness: Approximately 50mm for the entire NERA module.
Detailed Specifications and Effectiveness:
1. Outer Steel Plate
- Material: High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Triggering layer that initiates the energy absorption process.
2. Elastomer Layer:
- Material: High-strength rubber or polymer
- Thickness: 10mm
- Function: Absorbs kinetic energy and deforms to dissipate impact forces, helping to neutralize shaped charges.
3. Inner Steel Plate:
- Material: RHA or High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Secondary protection layer, enhances overall resistance to penetration.
4. Repeated Layers:
- Configuration: Four sets of the above layers (outer steel, elastomer, inner steel) stacked together.
- Total Thickness: 4 * (5mm steel + 10mm elastomer + 5mm steel) = 80mm
- Effective Thickness: Provides protection equivalent to approximately 100mm RHA against kinetic energy projectiles and shaped charges.
Benefits of Using NERA:
- Weight Savings: NERA is lighter than equivalent thicknesses of solid RHA or composite armor.
- Cost-Effectiveness: NERA is generally less expensive than advanced composite armors.
- Scalability: The number of layers can be adjusted based on specific protection requirements.
- Versatility: Effective against both kinetic projectiles and shaped charges.
Summary of NERA Contribution:
- Protection Level: Equivalent to approximately 100mm RHA.
- Thickness: ~80mm.
- Weight: Significantly lighter than the same level of protection provided by solid steel.
- Cost: Lower than advanced composites, making it suitable for mass production.
By using a layered NERA structure on top of a lighter base RHA armor, the "Berkut-22" IFV achieves substantial protection while keeping the weight and cost manageable. This approach provides effective defense against a wide range of threats, ensuring the vehicle's survivability and operational efficiency.
Composition of NERA for "Berkut-22" IFV
Structure:
1. Outer Steel Plate
- Material: High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Initial impact surface, triggers deformation and energy absorption.
2. Elastomer Layer
- Material: High-strength rubber or polymer
- Thickness: 10mm
- Function: Absorbs and dissipates kinetic energy, helps to deflect and spread the impact force.
3. Inner Steel Plate
- Material: RHA or High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Provides additional resistance to penetration after the elastomer layer has absorbed initial energy.
4. Multiple Layers: These three layers can be repeated to achieve the desired level of protection.
- Configuration: Several sets of the above three layers stacked together, depending on required protection levels.
- Total Thickness: Approximately 50mm for the entire NERA module.
Detailed Specifications and Effectiveness:
1. Outer Steel Plate
- Material: High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Triggering layer that initiates the energy absorption process.
2. Elastomer Layer:
- Material: High-strength rubber or polymer
- Thickness: 10mm
- Function: Absorbs kinetic energy and deforms to dissipate impact forces, helping to neutralize shaped charges.
3. Inner Steel Plate:
- Material: RHA or High-hardness steel
- Thickness: 5mm
- Function: Secondary protection layer, enhances overall resistance to penetration.
4. Repeated Layers:
- Configuration: Four sets of the above layers (outer steel, elastomer, inner steel) stacked together.
- Total Thickness: 4 * (5mm steel + 10mm elastomer + 5mm steel) = 80mm
- Effective Thickness: Provides protection equivalent to approximately 100mm RHA against kinetic energy projectiles and shaped charges.
Benefits of Using NERA:
- Weight Savings: NERA is lighter than equivalent thicknesses of solid RHA or composite armor.
- Cost-Effectiveness: NERA is generally less expensive than advanced composite armors.
- Scalability: The number of layers can be adjusted based on specific protection requirements.
- Versatility: Effective against both kinetic projectiles and shaped charges.
Summary of NERA Contribution:
- Protection Level: Equivalent to approximately 100mm RHA.
- Thickness: ~80mm.
- Weight: Significantly lighter than the same level of protection provided by solid steel.
- Cost: Lower than advanced composites, making it suitable for mass production.
By using a layered NERA structure on top of a lighter base RHA armor, the "Berkut-22" IFV achieves substantial protection while keeping the weight and cost manageable. This approach provides effective defense against a wide range of threats, ensuring the vehicle's survivability and operational efficiency.
Lopullinen konfiguraatio:
Specifications for "Berkut-22" IFV with Lightweight RHA and NERA
General Specifications
- Type: Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV)
- Crew: 3 (Commander, Gunner, Driver)
- Troop Capacity: 8-man squad
Dimensions
- Length: 7.5 meters
- Width: 3.0 meters
- Height: 2.5 meters
- Weight (Combat Loaded): ~18,000 kg
Armor and Protection
- Base Armor: Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel
- Front: 8mm RHA + NERA
- Sides: 8mm RHA + NERA
- Rear: 8mm RHA + NERA
- Roof: 8mm RHA
- Floor: 15mm RHA with additional anti-mine protection
- Effective Armor Protection:
- Front: Equivalent to ~200mm RHA
- Sides: Equivalent to ~90mm RHA
- Rear: Equivalent to ~70mm RHA
- Roof: Equivalent to ~30mm RHA
- Floor: Equivalent to ~50mm RHA
- Additional Protection:**
- NERA (Non-Explosive Reactive Armor): Layers providing enhanced protection against kinetic and shaped charge threats
- APS (Active Protection System): Lightweight system for intercepting incoming projectiles
Armament
- Primary Weapon: 30mm autocannon
- Ammunition Capacity: 500 rounds
- Effective Range: 2,500 meters
- Secondary Weapon: 7.62mm coaxial machine gun
- Ammunition Capacity: 2,000 rounds
- Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM): Two launchers with 4 missiles
- Effective Range: 4,000 meters
Mobility
- Engine: 600 hp diesel engine
- Power-to-Weight Ratio: ~33 hp/ton
- Transmission: Automatic
- Suspension: Torsion bar
- Max Speed: 70 km/h (on road)
- Operational Range: 600 km (on road)
Additional Features
- Communications: Advanced digital communication system
- Navigation: GPS and inertial navigation systems
- Protection Systems: NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) protection, automatic fire suppression system
Weight Distribution and Calculation
1. Armor Weight:
- Total Armor Weight: ~2,763.5 kg
2. Primary Structure and Hull: ~7,000 kg
3. Engine and Transmission: ~2,500 kg
4. Weapon Systems and Ammunition: ~1,200 kg
5. Troop and Crew Equipment: ~1,000 kg
6. Additional Systems (APS, communications, etc.): ~1,200 kg
Total Vehicle Weight:
- Combat Loaded: ~18,000 kg
Summary
The "Berkut-22" IFV with a lighter RHA base armor and NERA provides substantial protection while keeping the overall weight manageable. This configuration allows for improved mobility, easier production, and reduced operational costs, making it an effective and practical solution for the needs of the Ukrainian armed forces. The vehicle's balance of protection, firepower, and mobility ensures its effectiveness in a wide range of combat scenarios.
General Specifications
- Type: Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV)
- Crew: 3 (Commander, Gunner, Driver)
- Troop Capacity: 8-man squad
Dimensions
- Length: 7.5 meters
- Width: 3.0 meters
- Height: 2.5 meters
- Weight (Combat Loaded): ~18,000 kg
Armor and Protection
- Base Armor: Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel
- Front: 8mm RHA + NERA
- Sides: 8mm RHA + NERA
- Rear: 8mm RHA + NERA
- Roof: 8mm RHA
- Floor: 15mm RHA with additional anti-mine protection
- Effective Armor Protection:
- Front: Equivalent to ~200mm RHA
- Sides: Equivalent to ~90mm RHA
- Rear: Equivalent to ~70mm RHA
- Roof: Equivalent to ~30mm RHA
- Floor: Equivalent to ~50mm RHA
- Additional Protection:**
- NERA (Non-Explosive Reactive Armor): Layers providing enhanced protection against kinetic and shaped charge threats
- APS (Active Protection System): Lightweight system for intercepting incoming projectiles
Armament
- Primary Weapon: 30mm autocannon
- Ammunition Capacity: 500 rounds
- Effective Range: 2,500 meters
- Secondary Weapon: 7.62mm coaxial machine gun
- Ammunition Capacity: 2,000 rounds
- Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM): Two launchers with 4 missiles
- Effective Range: 4,000 meters
Mobility
- Engine: 600 hp diesel engine
- Power-to-Weight Ratio: ~33 hp/ton
- Transmission: Automatic
- Suspension: Torsion bar
- Max Speed: 70 km/h (on road)
- Operational Range: 600 km (on road)
Additional Features
- Communications: Advanced digital communication system
- Navigation: GPS and inertial navigation systems
- Protection Systems: NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) protection, automatic fire suppression system
Weight Distribution and Calculation
1. Armor Weight:
- Total Armor Weight: ~2,763.5 kg
2. Primary Structure and Hull: ~7,000 kg
3. Engine and Transmission: ~2,500 kg
4. Weapon Systems and Ammunition: ~1,200 kg
5. Troop and Crew Equipment: ~1,000 kg
6. Additional Systems (APS, communications, etc.): ~1,200 kg
Total Vehicle Weight:
- Combat Loaded: ~18,000 kg
Summary
The "Berkut-22" IFV with a lighter RHA base armor and NERA provides substantial protection while keeping the overall weight manageable. This configuration allows for improved mobility, easier production, and reduced operational costs, making it an effective and practical solution for the needs of the Ukrainian armed forces. The vehicle's balance of protection, firepower, and mobility ensures its effectiveness in a wide range of combat scenarios.
otwa
Kersantti
Selkeämmin tuo osaa ainakin tulokset raportoida mitä suurin osa insinööreistä osaa kirjoittaa /s
ultimateidiot
Kapteeni
200 laukausta minuutissa on kohtuu normaali länsimaisissa 30/40mm konetykeissä (Bushmaster, Rheinmetall). Ei ole oikein järkeä ampua nopeammin kun vyöt on yleensä luokkaa 80+80 tms. CV:hen asennettuna Boforsissakin käytännön tulinopeus jää reippaasti alle teoreettisen maksimin hölmöstä makasiinisysteemistä johtuen. Venäläisten 2A42 konetykissä voi valita nopean (550-800rpm) ja hitaan (200-300rpm) tulinopeuden.
otwa
Kersantti
Länsimaisissa vaunuissa tämä ammustäytön vähyys on tosiaan ilmiö. Muutaman kymmenen ps-ammusta ja loput pari-kolmesataa HEI:ä. Vs Bemmin 550 paukkua. Tosin tarkkuuskin voi olla vähän eri luokkaa.
Omaan makuuni Bemminkin hidas tulinopeus on vähän turhan järeä. Tosin eipä kumpikaan osapuoli ole sitä Ukrainassa käyttänyt, molemmat ampuvat nopealla sarjalla.